美国文化研究.ppt

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1、美国文化研究 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望About the Coursen nRequirements of this coursen nPre-read the relevant materialsn nTake an active part in the discussion in class(40%)n nWrite a course paper at the end of the term(60%)American Identityn

2、nTwo partial truths about American national identityn nAmerica is a nation of immigrants.n nAmerican identity is defined soley by the American Creed.n nIn a word,two key elements of American national identity:immigration and the Creedn nThe changing roles of four components of American identity in h

3、istory n nEthnicityn nRacen nCulturen nIdeology or political elementn nCentral elements of American culturen nThe Christian religionn nProtestant values and moralismn nA work ethicn nThe English languagen nBritish traditions of law,justice,and the limits of government powern nA legacy of European ar

4、t,literature,philosophy,and musicn nThe American Creedn nLibertyn nEqualityn nIndividualismn nRepresentative governmentn nPrivate propertyn nDifferences between settlers and immigrantsn nSettlers:leave an existing society to create a new society;move in a group;have a sense of collective purpose;agr

5、ee on a compact or charter;have a collective relation to mother countryn nImmigrants:move from one society to a different society;a personal process;individually define their relation to their old and new countriesn nThe change in the meaning of colonyn nOriginal sense:a settlement created by people

6、 who leave a mother country and travel elsewhere to establish a new society on a distant landn nLater meaning:a territory and its indigenous people ruled by the government of another peoplen nTerritory is insignificant in the national identity of Americans.n nLand has been plentiful and cheap.n nThe

7、 land that was America was ever changing.n nThe authors main ideasn nOriginally,America was not a nation of immigrants,but a society or societies of settlers.n nIn the history,American identity has had several components.Besides the Creed,other factors,such as race and ethnicity,have also played a c

8、entral role.n nAnglo-Protestant culture is the paramount defining element of American identity.n nTerritorial identity is weak or missing in America.Americans have not developed intense attachments to particular localities.Anglo-Protestant Culturen nKinds of culture:national culture;subculturen nSub

9、cultures:defined by religion,race,ethnicity,region,class,etc.n nNational culture:established by the founding settlers from Britain;the central and the lasting component of American identityn nCentral elements of national culturen nProtestant values(Protestantism)n nLanguagen nprinciples of governmen

10、tn nmanners and customsn nChange of the connotation of mainstream culturen nfrom Protestantism to Christianity;n nThe dissidence of dissentn nA description of both the history and the character of American Protestantismn nThe difference between American Protestantism and European Protestantismn nThe

11、 fierce spirit of liberty among Americansn nCharacterized by religious passion and evangelismn nEvangelism（基督教福音派）:a Christiam belief that emphasizes the authority of the Bible and the importance of people being saved by through faithn nPopulism（民粹主义）:a type of politics that claims to represent the

12、opinions and wishes of ordinary peopleThe Rise of Subnational Identitiesn nThe image of America before 1960sn nA nation of individuals with equal rights,who shared a primarily Anglo-Protestant core culture,and were dedicated to the liberal-democratic principles of the American Creedn nMeting pot;tom

13、ato soupn nThe image of America during and after 1960sn nA conglomerate of different races,ethnicities,and subnational cultures;group membershipn nA mosaic;a salad of diverse peoplesn nMajor ideas of deconstructionistsn nMaintain the immmigrants birth country cultures n nGrant the immigrants legal p

14、rivilegesn nDenounce the idea of Americanizationn nRewrite history syllabi and textbooks n nSubstitute the history of subnational groups for national historyn nPush bilingual education and linguistic diversityn nAdvocate legal recognition of group rights and racial preferencesn nAdvocate multicultur

15、alism and diversityn nCultural pluralism（文化多元性）vs multiculturalism（多元文化主义）n nCultural pluralism:recognition of the existence of many different groups of people in one society;the belief that it is possible and good for them to live together in peace in one society.n nMulticulturalism:existence of no

16、 predominant culture;equality of different cultures in one societyn nCultural Warsn nRacial preferencesn nBilingualism n nMulticulturalismn nImmigrationn nAssimilationn nNational history standardsn nEnglish as the official languae(the English-Only Movement or Official English Movement)n nEurocentris

17、mn nNature of the Deconstructionist Movementsn nAmericas eliten nFactors responsible for the emergence of the deconstructionist movementsn nThe global rise of more limited subnational identitiesn nThe end of the Cold Warn nPolitical calculationsn nInterests of the leaders and aspiring leaders of min

18、ority groupsn nBureaucratic imperativesn nLiberal political beliefsn nThe formal de-ligitimation of race and ethnicity as components of national identityn nPolitical and intellectual controversy over the deconstructionist movementn nProsn nConsn nSept.11 terrorist attackn nMajor challengesn n1.Chall

19、enge to American Creedn nThe gap between ideal and reality:slavery,discrimination,segregationn nThe change of the societyn nReform measuresn nAffirmative discrimination;reverse discriminationn nRace-based programsMexican Immigration and Hispanizationn nA culturally bifurcated Anglo-Hispanic society

20、with two national languages?n nMulticulturalism n nDiversity of opinionsn nBilingual educationn nAffirmative actionn nMexican immigrationFactors of the Uniqueness of Mexican Immigrationn nContiguityn nA long Mexican-American open border;difference in economy(between a First World country and a Third

21、 World country);the huge income gap;trans-border communitiesn nNumbersn nDominant source of immigrants:a large number of legal immigrants and illegal immigrants n n2/3 of Hispanicsn nMore numerous than blacksn n25%of the total population by 2040n nIllegalityn nMore than half of the total illegal pop

22、ulation in USAn nRegional concentrationn nTendency to concentrate in certain regionsn nSlow assimilationn nPersistencen nSustained high levels of immigrationn nConsequences:chain migration;increase of political influence;obstacle to assimilationn nHistorical presencen nInvasion of Mexico by USA in h

23、istoryn nA historical claim to American territoryMexican Assimilationn nLag behind in various aspectsn nLanguage:bilingual;different attitudes towards ancestral language;pride in Spanish language competencen nEducation:low rate of high school graduation;fewer years of schooling;a higher proportion o

24、f high school dropouts;a lower proportion of college attendeesn nOccupation and income:low socioeconomic status;low rates of self-employment;high poverty rates;high welfare ratesn nCitizenship:lowest naturalization rate;illegal immigrantsn nIntermarriage:lower interethnic marriage raten nIdentity:a

25、weak identification with America;n nReconquista:a Spanish word for“reconquest”,meaning recapturing.n nEllis Island:An island of Upper New York Bay southwest of Manhattan.It was the chief immigration station of the United States from 1892 to 1943.Officially closed in 1954,the site was designated a National Monument in 1965.