2015考研英语一真题(含答案解析).pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！12015 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with

2、strangers.Though not biologically related,friends are as related as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of Californiaand Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 193

3、2 unique subjects which 4 pairsof unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As co-author of the study JamesFowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says,Most people do not even7their fourth cousins but so

4、mehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 ourkin.The team 9 developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friendbased on their genes.The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friendsbut not genes for immunity.Why this similarity in olfactory ge

5、nes is difficult toexplain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us 11similar environments butthere is more to it.There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 functional kinship of being friends with14!One of the remarkable findings of the s

6、tudy was that the similar genes seem tobe evolving 15 than other genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution pickedpace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18to befriend those of similaret 19 backgrounds,sa

7、y the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from apopulation of European extraction,care was taken to 20that all subjects,friends andstrangers were taken from the same population.The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.1.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！

8、2AwhenBwhyChowDwhat2.AdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvised3.AforBwithConDby4.AcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDconnected5.AtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamples6.AinsignificantBunexpectedCunreliableDincredible7.AvisitBmissCseekDknow8.AresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsurpass9.AagainBalsoCinsteadDthus10.AMeanwhileBFurther

9、moreCLikewiseDPerhaps11.AaboutBtoCfromDlike12.AdriveBobserveCconfuseDlimit13.Aaccording toBrather thanCregardless ofDalongwith14.AchancesBresponsesCmissionsDbenefits15.AlaterBslowerCfasterDearlier16.AforecastBrememberCunderstandDexpress17.AunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollable Ddisruptive18.Aendea

10、vorBdecisionCarrangement Dtendency19.ApoliticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomic20.AseeBshowCproveDtellSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1King Juan Carloso

11、fSpainonceinsisted“kings dont abdicate,theydieintheir sleep.”Butembarrassingscandals andthepopularity oftherepublican left intherecent Euro-electionshave forcedhim toeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisis suggest that monarchy isseeing its last days?Does that mean thewriting ison thewallfor

12、all Europeanroyals,withtheir magnificent uniformsandmajesticlifestyles?The Spanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainst monarchy.When public opinionisparticularlypolarised,asit was following theendoftheFranco regime,monarchscanrise above“mere”politicsand“embody”aspirit ofnational unity.It isthis ap

13、parent transcendence ofpoliticsthat explains monarchs continuing popularity asheadsofstate.And so,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcounting Vatican CityandAndorra).Butunlike their absolutistcounterpartsintheGulf and欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删

14、除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！3Asia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhavea downside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdatedandi

15、ndefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.At a timewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheirold

16、aristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillno doubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,it

17、istheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleanda prettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.He hasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchies

18、havelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovidea serviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain_.AusedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportBwasunpopularamong

19、EuropeanroyalsCeasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsDendedhisreigninembarrassment22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly_.AowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusBtoachievea balancebetweentraditionandrealityCtogivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookup toDduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whi

20、chofthefollowingisshowntobe odd,accordingtoParagraph4?AAristocratsexcessiverelianceon inheritedwealth.BTheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.CThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.DThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles_.Atakesa roughlineon p

21、oliticalissuesBfailstochangehislifestyleasadvisedCtakesrepublicansashispotentialalliesDfailstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4ACarlos,GloryandDisgrace CombinedBCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneCCarlos,aLessonf

22、orAllEuropeanMonarchsDCharles,Slow toReacttotheComing ThreatsText2Just how much doestheConstitutionprotect yourdigital data?The Supreme Courtwill now considerwhetherpolice cansearch thecontents ofamobilephonewithout awarrant ifthephoneison oraroundapersonduringanarrest.California hasaskedthejustices

23、 torefrain fromasweepingruling,particularlyonethat upsets theoldassumptionthat authoritiesmay search throughthepossessions ofsuspects atthetimeoftheir arrest.Itishard,thestate argues,forjudgestoassess theimplicationsofnew andrapidly changingtechnologies.The court would berecklessly modestifit follow

24、ed Californiasadvice.Enough oftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothat thejustices canandshouldprovide updatedguidelines topolice,lawyersanddefendants.They shouldstart by discarding Californiaslameargumentthat exploring thecontents ofasmartphoneavaststorehouse ofdigital information issimilar

25、 to,say,goingthroughasuspects purse.The court hasruled that police dontviolate theFourthAmendment when theygo throughthewallet orpocketbookofanarrestee withoutawarrant.Butexploring onessmartphoneismore like entering hisorherhome.Asmartphonemay contain anarresteesreading history,financial history,med

26、icalhistory andcomprehensiverecords ofrecent correspondence.The developmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmade thatexploration somuch theeasier.Americansshouldtakesteps toprotect their digital privacy.Butkeepingsensitive information on thesedevices isincreasinglyarequirement ofnormallife.Citizens s

27、till havearight toexpectprivate documentstoremainprivate andprotected by theConstitutionsprohibitionon unreasonable searches.As sooften isthecase,stating that principle doesnt easethechallenge ofline-drawing.Inmany cases,itwould notbeoverly burdensomeforauthoritiestoobtain awarrant tosearch throughp

28、honecontents.Theycouldstill invalidateFourthAmendment protectionswhen facing severe,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonable measurestoensurethat phonedataarenoterased oraltered whilewaiting forawarrant.Thecourt,though,may wanttoallowroom forpolice tocite situationswheretheyareentitled tomore

29、freedom.Butthejustices shouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptive technology sometimesdemands novelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosion andaccessibilityofdigital information inthe21stcentury withtheestablishment ofautomobile useasavirtual

30、 necessity oflife inthe20th:The justices hadtospecify novelrules forthenew personal domain ofthepassenger carthen;theymustsort outhow theFourthAmendment applies todigital information now.26.The Supreme Court will work outwhether,duringan arrest,itislegitimate to_.Aprevent suspects fromdeleting their

31、 phonecontentsBsearch forsuspects mobilephoneswithout awarrant欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！5Cchecksuspects phonecontents without beingauthorizedDprohibit suspects fromusingtheir mobilephones27.The authorsattitude toward Californias argument isone of_.AdisapprovalBindifferenceCtoler

32、anceDcautiousness28.The authorbelieves thatexploringonesphone contents iscomparable to_.Agetting intoonesresidenceBhandling oneshistoricalrecordsCscanning onescorrespondencesDgoingthroughoneswallet29.InParagraph 5 and 6,theauthorshows hisconcernthat_.Aprinciplesarehardtobeclearly expressedBthecourt

33、isgiving police less room foractionCcitizensprivacy isnoteffectivelyprotectedDphonesareusedtostore sensitive information30.Orin Kerrscomparison isquotedtoindicate that_.AtheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexiblyBnew technology requires reinterpretationoftheConstitutionCCaliforniasargumentviolates p

34、rinciplesoftheConstitutionDprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealteredText3The journal Scienceisaddinganextra roundofstatisticalcheckstoits peer-review process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNutt announcedtoday.The policy follows similar efforts fromotherjournals,afterwidespread concernthat basicmistake

35、s indataanalysis arecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublished research findings.“Readersmusthaveconfidence intheconclusions published inourjournal,”writes McNutt inaneditorial.Working withtheAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournal hasappointed sevenexperts toastatisticboardofreviewing edit

36、ors(SBoRE).Manuscript will beflagged upforadditional scrutiny by thejournals internal editors,orby its existing BoardofReviewingEditors orby outside peerreviewers.TheSBoRE panelwill thenfindexternal statisticianstoreviewthese manuscripts.Asked whetheranyparticularpapershadimpelled thechange,McNutt s

37、aid:“The creation ofthestatisticsboardwas motivated by concerns broadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysis inscientificresearch andispart ofSciences overall drivetoincrease reproducibilityintheresearch we publish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublic Health,amember

38、 oftheSBoREgroup,sayshe expects theboardto“playprimarily anadvisory role.”He agreedtojoin becausehe“foundtheforesight behindtheestablishment oftheSBoRE tobenovel,uniqueandlikely tohavealasting impact.This欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！6impactwill notonlybethroughthepublicationsinScie

39、nceitself,buthopefully throughalarger groupofpublishing places that may wanttomodel their approachafter Science.”JohnIoannidis,aphysician who studies research methodology,saysthat thepolicy is“amostwelcomestepforward”and“longoverdue.”“Most journals areweak instatisticalreview,andthis damages thequal

40、ityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajority ofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpert review,”hesays.Buthenotedthat biomedical journals suchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournal oftheAmericanMedicalAssociation andThe Lancetpaystrong attention tostatisticalreview.Profes

41、sionalscientistsareexpected toknow how toanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrors arealarminglycommon inpublished research,according toDavidVaux,acell biologist.Researchers shouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournals shouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewers who arestatisticallyliterateandedit

42、ors who canverify theprocess.”Vaux saysthatSciencesideatopasssome paperstostatisticians“hassome merit,butaweaknessisthat it relies on theboardofreviewing editors toidentifythe papersthat needscrutiny inthefirst place”.31.Itcan be learnedfrom Paragraph 1 that_.AScience intends tosimplify its peer-rev

43、iew processBjournals arestrengtheningtheir statisticalchecksCfew journals areblamedformistakes indataanalysisDlackofdataanalysis iscommon inresearch projects32.The phrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosest inmeaning to_.AfoundBmarkedCrevisedDstored33.GiovanniParmigianibelieves thattheestablishment ofthe

44、SBoREmay_.Aposeathreat toall its peersBmeetwithstrong oppositionCincrease Science scirculationDsetanexampleforotherjournals34.David Vaux holdsthatwhat Scienceisdoingnow_.AaddstoresearchersworkloadBdiminishes therole ofreviewersChasroom forfurther improvementDistofail intheforeseeable future35.Which

45、ofthefollowing isthebesttitle ofthetext?AScience Joins PushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersBProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMore RespectCDataAnalysis FindsIts Way ontoEditors DesksDStatisticiansAre Coming Back withScience欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！7Text4Two yearsago,RupertMurdochsdaugh

46、ter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa collectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbe profitandthe market.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethe societywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointh

47、ome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthatthe absenceofpurpose,ofa morallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthe mostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingit morelikelythatit wouldloseits

48、wayasit hadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.As the hackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyone ex-editorofthe Newsofthe World,AndyCoulson,forconspiringto hackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthe samechargethe widerissueofdearthofintegritystillstands,Journalistsareknownto haveha

49、ckedthe phonesofup to 5,500people.Thisishackingon an industrialscale,as wasacknowledgedby GlennMulcaire,the manhiredby the Newsof theWorldin2001to be the pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,the dearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythe factofsuchwidespread

50、phonehackingbutthe termson whichthe trialtookplace.One ofthe astonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwent on inhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughtto askandthe factthatsheneverinquiredhowthe storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,it hasbecomenorma