1998年考研英语试题及答案.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1998 年考研英语试题及答案 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.Egypts leadership in the Arab world was ce

2、mented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is

3、 now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists.This week,in the heart of civilized Europe,Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.The huge complex will probably have

4、 all the usual problems of big dams.But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cau

5、se hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.Hydroelectric power and flood control an

6、d irrigation are possible without building monster dams.But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper,or scientific.It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.You dont need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that _.A people would be happy

7、if they shut their eyes to reality B the blind could be happier than the sighted C over-excited people tend to neglect vital things D fascination makes people lose their eyesight 52.In Paragraph 5,“the powerless”probably refers to _.A areas short of electricity B dams without power stations C poor c

8、ountries around India D common people in the Narmada Dam area 53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?A They bring in more fertile soil.B They help defend the country.C They strengthen international ties.D They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be in

9、terpreted as _.A“Its no use crying over spilt milk”B“More haste,less speed”C“Look before you leap”D“He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2 Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish i

10、s whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by 1.2%since 1987.That is somewhat faster than the averag

11、e during the previous decade.And since 1991,productivity has increased by about 2%a year,which is more than twice the 1978-87 average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a r

12、evival in the underlying trend.There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 199

13、5,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity.Sagan is more concerne

14、d with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of

15、 smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in 1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned abo

16、ut uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question

17、the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term anti-science can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard Un

18、iversity philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word“schism”(Line 4,Paragraph 1)in the context probably means _.A confrontation B dissatisfacti

19、on C separation D contempt 60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _.A discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power B show the authors sympathy with scientists C explain the way in which science develops D exemplify the division of science and the humanities 61.Which of the following is true acco

20、rding to the passage?A Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.C The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as anti-science.D Tagging environmentalists as“anti-science”is justifiable.62.The authors attitude toward the issu

21、e of“science vs.anti-science”is _.A impartial B subjective C biased D puzzling Text 4 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong imp

22、lications for US politics and economy in years ahead-has 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people-n

23、umerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three

24、 sun-belt states-Florida,Texas and California-together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier.Among large cities,San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th-with Cleveland and Washington.D.C.,dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attribu

25、ted to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays“baby boom”generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but ne

26、wer phenomenon:More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too.Some instances Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate-37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among sta

27、tes,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively.Except for Florida and Texas,the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people-about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable

28、climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts

29、of the West.Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s,to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds th

30、e 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s _.A enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history B witnessed a southwestern shift of population C underwent an u

31、nparalleled period of population growth D brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II 64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _.A it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution B it highlights the contribution of

32、continuous waves of immigrants C it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spacious living D it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterdays“baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that _.A California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US B the top 10 states in growth r

33、ate of population were all located in the West C cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration D Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population 66.The word“demographers”(Line 1,Paragraph 8)most probably means _.A people in favor of the trend of democracy 欢迎您阅

34、读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B advocates of migration between states C scientists engaged in the study of population D conservatives clinging to old patterns of life Text 5 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as h

35、ot spots.Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface;on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates p

36、ast them has left trails of dead volcanoes.The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor b

37、etween them.The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to anoth

38、er cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth

39、,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference

40、.It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome.As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at

41、least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).67.The author believes that _

42、.A the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths interior B the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true C the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions D the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 68.That Africa and Sout

43、h America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _.A the two continents are still moving in opposite directions B they have been found to share certain geological features C the African plate has been stable for 30 million years D over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 69.

44、The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _.A the structure of the African plates B the revival of dead volcanoes C the mobility of the continents D the formation of new oceans 70.The passage is mainly about _.A the features of volcanic activities B the importance of the theory about drifti

45、ng plates C the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies D the process of the formation of volcanoes Section IV English-Chinese Translation 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

46、Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.71)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists ha

47、d been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrati

48、ons Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72)The existence of the giant clo

49、uds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting rad

50、iation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars,plants and eventually,even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,t