2021年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套68453.pdf

《2021年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套68453.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2021年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套68453.pdf（13页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2021 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题(第 1 套)PartPartWritingWriting(30 minutes)(30 minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.Supposeyou have twooptions upon graduation:one is to find a job somewhere and the otherto start abusiness of your own.You are to make a decision.Write an es

2、say to explainthe reasonsfor your decision.You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.PartPart Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension(40 minutes)(40 minutes)Section ASection ADirections:Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are requiredto select one

3、 wordfor each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank followingthe passage.Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices.Eachchoice in the bank isidentified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letterfor each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Y

4、ou may notuse any of the words in thebank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.When someone commits a criminal act,we always hope the punishment will match theoffense.But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes

5、-animal fighting-things26work out that way.Dog-fighting victims are 27 and killed for profit and sport,yet their criminal abusers oftenreceive a28 sentence for causing a lifetime of pain.Roughly half of all federally-convicted animalfighters only get probation(缓刑).Some progress has been made in the

6、prosecution(起诉)of animal fighters.But federaljudgesoften rely heavily on the U.S.Sentencing GuideLines when they29 penalties,and in the case ofanimal fighting,those guidelines are outdated and extremely30 The U.S.Sentencing Commission,which31 these sentencing guidelines,is revisitingthem,proposing t

7、o raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months.Thisis a step in the right32,but wed like to see the U.S.Sentencing Commission makefurther changes to the guidelines.Along with this effort,were working with animal advocates and state and federallawmakers to33 anti-cruelty laws across the count

8、ry,as well as supporting lawsand policies that assistoverburdenedanimal 34 that care for animal fighting victims.This help is 35 importantbecause the high cost of caring for animal victims is amajor factor that prevents people from gettinginvolved in cruelty cases in the firstplace.A.convenientB.cre

9、atesC.criticallyD.determineE.directionF.hesitateG.inadequateH.inspiredI.methodJ.minimalK.rarelyL.sheltersM.strengthenN.sufferingsO.torturedSection BSection BDirections:Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statementsattached to it.Eachstatement contains information give

10、n in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived.You may choose aparagraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questionsby marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Answer Sheet 2.When Work Becomes a GameWhen Work Becomes a G

11、ameA)What motivates employees to do their jobs well?Competition with coworkers,forsome.Thepromise of rewards,for others.Pure enjoyment of problem-solving,fora lucky few.B)Increasingly,companies are tapping into these desires directly through whathas come to be knownas gamification:essentially,turnin

12、g work into a game.Gamification is about understandingwhat it is that makes games engaging and whatgame designers do to create a great experience ingames,and taking those learningsand applying them to other contexts such as theworkplace andeducation,explainsKevin Werbach,a gamification expert who te

13、aches at the Wharton School ofBusinessat the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.C)It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard andoffering prizes to thewinner,or giving employees digital badges or stars forcompleting certain activities.It could alsomean traini

14、ng employees how to do theirjobs through video gameplatforms.Companies fromGoogle toLOralto IBM to WellsFargo are known to use some degree of gamification in theirworkplaces.And moreand more companies are joining them.A recent report suggests that theglobalgamification market will grow from$1.65 bil

15、lion in 2021 to$11.1 billion by 2021.D)The concept of gamification is not entirely new,Werbach says.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeoplesreward-seeking or competitive spirits.Cracker Jackshas been gamifying its snackfood by putting a small prize inside for more than 1

16、00 years,headds,and theturn-of-the-century steel magnate(巨头)Charles Schwab is said to have oftencomeinto his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the pastshift on the factoryfloor,thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat theprevious one.E)But the word gamification and

17、 the widespread,conscious application of theconcept only beganin earnest about five years ago,Werbach says.Thanks in partto video games,the generation nowentering the workforce is especially open to theidea of having their work gamified.We are at apoint where in much of the developedworld the vast m

18、ajority of young people grew up playingvideo games,and anincreasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too,Werbachsays.F)A number of companies have sprung up-GamEffective,Bunchbail and Badgeville,to name a few-in recent years offering gamification platforms for businesses.Theplatform

19、s that are most effectiveturn employees ordinary job tasks into part ofa rich adventure narrative.What makes a gamegame-like is that the player actuallycares about the outcome,Werbach says.The principle isabout understanding whatis motivating to this group of players,which requires some understandin

20、gofpsychology.G)Some people,Werbach says,are motivated by competition.Sales people often fallinto thiscategory.For them,the right kind of gamification might be turning theirsaies pitches into acompetition with other team members,complete with a digitalleaderboard showing who is winningat all times.O

21、thers are more motivated bycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamification to create a sense of community and boost employees morale(士气).Whenemployees log in to their computers,theyre shown a picture of one of theircoworkersand asked to guess that persons name.H)Gamific

22、ation does not have to be digital.Monica Cornetti runs a company thatgamifies employeetrainings.Sometimes this involves technology,but often it doesnot.She recently designed agamification strategy for a saies training company witha storm-chasing theme.Employees formedstorm chaser teams and competed

23、instorm-themed educational exercises to earn variousrewards.Rewards do not haveto be stuff,Cornetti says.Rewards can be flexible workinghours.Anothertraining,this one for pay roll law,used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfstheme.Snow White is available for everyone to use,but the dwarfs are still und

24、ercopyright,so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters(Grumpy Gus,Dopey Dan)toillustrate specific pay rolllaw principles.I)Some people do not take naturaily to gamified work environments,Cornetti says.Inherexperience,people in positions of power or people in finance or engineeringdo not tend to lik

25、e thesound of the word.If we are designing for engineers,Imnot talking about a game at all,Cornetti says.Im talking about a simulation(模拟),Im talking about being able to solvethis problem.J)Gamification is not a magic bullet,Werbach warns.A gamification strategythat is notsufficiently thought throug

26、h or well tailored to its players may engagepeople for a little while,but itwill not motivate people in the longterm.It canalso be exploitative,especially when used withvulnerable populations.For workers,especially low-paid workers,who desperately need their jobsyet know they can beeasily replaced,g

27、amification may feel more like the Hunger Games.Werbachgivesthe example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim,Caiifornia,which used largedigital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were workingcompared to one another.Some employees found the board motivating.To others,itwas the

28、 opposite of fun.Some began tostop taking bathroom breaks,worried thatif their productivity fell they would be fired.Pregnantemployees struggled to keepup.In a Los Angeles Times article,one employee referred to the boardas a digitalwhip.It actually had a very negative effect on morale and performanc

29、e,Werbachsays.K)Still,gamification only stands to become more popular,he says,as more andmore people comeinto the workforce who are familiar with the structures andexpressions of digitai games.We arefar from reaching the peak,Cornetti agrees.There is no reason this will go away.36.Some famous compan

30、ies are already using gamification and more are trying todo the same.37.Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negativeresults.38.To enhance morale,one company asks its employees to identify their fellowworkers when startingtheir computers.39.The idea of gamification wa

31、s practiced by some businesses more than a centuryago.40.There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.41.Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.42.When turning work into a game,it is necessary to understand what makes gamesinteresting.43.Gam

32、ification in employee training does not always need technology.44.The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignmentsinto fun experiences.45.It is necessary to use terms other than gamification for some professions.Section CSection CDirections:Directions:There are 2 passages

33、in this section.Each passage is followed by somequestions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices markedA,B,C andD.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letteron AnswerSheet 2 AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OnePassage One

34、Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain studentsand keepyounger faculty members from going elsewhere.It seems higher education has become an industry of meeti

35、ng-holders whose task itis to solveproblems-real or imagined.And in my position as a professor at threedifferent colleges,the actualproblems in educating our young people and olderstudents have deepened,while the number of peoplehired-not to teach but to holdmeetings-has increased significantly.Ever

36、y new problem creates anew job for anadministrative fixer.Take our Center for Teaching Excellence.Contrary to its title,thecenter is a clearing house(信息交流中心)for using technology in classroomsand in online courses.Its an administrative sham(欺诈)of the kind that hasmultiplied over the last 30 years.I o

37、ffer a simple proposition inresponse:Many of our problems-classattendance,educationalsuccess,student happiness and well-being-might be improved by cuttingdown the bureaucratic(官僚的)mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an armyof good teachers.If we replaced half of ouradministrative staff with c

38、lassroomteachers,we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20or fewer studentsper teacher.This would be an environment in which teachers and studentsactuallyknew each other.The teachers must be free to teach in their own way-the curriculum should beflexible enough sothat they can use t

39、heir individual talents to achieve the goalsof the course.Additionally,they should beallowed to teach,and be rewarded fordoing it well.Teachers are not people who are great at andconsumed by researchand happen to appear in a classroom.Good teaching and research are notexclusive,but they are also not

40、 automatic companions.Teaching is an art and a craft,talentandpractice;it is not something that just anyone can be good at.It is utterlyconfusing to me that peopledo not recognize this,despite the fact that pretty muchanyone who has been a student can tell thedifference between their best and worstt

41、eachers.46.What does the author say about present-day universities?A.They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.B.They often fail to combine teaching with research.C.They are over-burdened with admires trative staff.D.They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.47.According to the

42、author,what kind of people do universities lack most?A.Good classroom teachers.B.Efficient administrators.C.Talented researchers.D.Motivated students.48.What does the author imply about the classes at present?A.They facilitate students independent learning.B.They help students form closer relationsh

43、ips.C.They have more older students than before.D.They are much bigger than is desirable.49.What does the author think of teaching ability?A.It requires talent and practice.B.It is closely related to research.C.It is a chief factor affecting students learning.D.It can be acquired through persistent

44、practice.50.What is the authors suggestion for improving university teaching?A.Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.B.Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.C.Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of informa

45、tion.D.Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.Passage TwoPassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked yearsago-by

46、McDonalds.According to a new study from Cornell Universitys Food and BrandLab,small non-foodrewards-like the toys in McDonalds Happy Meals-stimulate thesame reward centers in the brain asfood does.The researchers,led by Martin Reimann,carried out a series of experiments to seeif people wouldchoose a

47、 smaller meal ff it was paired with a non-food item.They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized portionwhen combinedwith a prize.Both options were priced the same.Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to makeadults choose thesmaller p

48、ortion.One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket(彩票),with a$10,$50 or$100 payout,and this was as effective as a tangible giftin persuading people to eat less.The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for themere prospect of arelatively small monetary award is intere

49、sting,says Reimann.He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes thatmake them effective.In fact,vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize weremore effective than options with hard oddsincluded.One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more em

50、otionallyprovokingthancertraintyReimann.Theofaddedattractionandawards,saysuncertaintywinningprovidesdesirabilitythroughemotionalthrills.The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state ofhope-astate that is in itself psychologically rewarding.In other words,theres a reasonwhy peoplelike t