初高中英语衔接-句子成分讲解学习.ppt

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1、初高中英语衔接初高中英语衔接-句子成句子成分分十大词类：十大词类：根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用，把英语单词分为10个类别，即：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。介词、连词、感叹词。根据部分词类具有的共同特征，又将十大词类分为两大部分，即：实词和虚词实词和虚词实词实词：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。特征：具有完整的词义；能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。具有完整的词义；能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。虚词：虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。特征

2、：没有完整的意思；不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分，没有完整的意思；不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分，必须和实词搭配，才能充当句子成分必须和实词搭配，才能充当句子成分。预备知识点一：词类概述词类词类英英语语名名称称作用作用例例词词名名词词n.代代词词pron.数数词词num.副副词词adv.形容形容词词adj.动词动词v.冠冠词词art.介介词词prep.连词连词conj.感感叹叹词词interj.词类词类英英语语名名称称作用作用例例词词名名词词n.表示人或事物的名称表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book代代词词pron.代替名代替名词词或数或数词词 you,that,some,a

3、few数数词词num.表示数量或表示数量或顺顺序序one,two,first副副词词adv.修修饰饰动词动词、形容、形容词词或其它副或其它副词词very,quickly,often,here形容形容词词adj.修修饰饰名名词词，表示人或事物的特征，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,动词动词v.表表动动作或状作或状态态walk,run,study,be冠冠词词art.用在名用在名词词前，起修前，起修饰饰或限定作用或限定作用a,an,the介介词词prep.用在名用在名词词、代、代词词或数或数词词前前 表示和句中其它表示和句中其它词词的关系的关系in,on,at,behin

4、d,from连词连词conj.用来用来连连接接词词与与词词或句与句或句与句and,but,if,or感感叹叹词词interj.表示表示说话时说话时的感情或口气的感情或口气oh,er,ough,um，ouch实词名称英语名称用途例词句法作用名词n.（noun）表示人或事物的名称boy,book,table,man主、表、宾、补、定、同代词pron.（pronoun）代替名词、形容词或数词I,you,it,we,their主、表、补、定、同数词num.（numeral）表示数量和顺序one,two,third,twenty,fifth主、表、宾、定、同副词adv.（adverb）修饰动词、形容词或

5、其他副词here,very,often,weekly表、状形容词adj（adjective）修饰名词，表示人、物的特征red,long,old,good表、定、宾补动词 v.（verb）表示表示动动作或状作或状态态work,live，spend，visit谓语一、句子成分概述：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语的句子最多由组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语的句子最多由八个句子成分八个句子成分组成，即组成，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。注：主语和谓语是句子的主体部分主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句

6、（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。子必须有主语和谓语）。主语：主语：subject S谓语：谓语：predicate V宾语：宾语：object O 表语：表语：predicative 定语：定语：attributive 宾语补足语：宾语补足语：object complement 状语：状语：adverbial 找出句子中的主语找出句子中的主语1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthis

7、classaregirls.3.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.4.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.5.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.6.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.7.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.1.1.一般位于一般位于句首句首,动作的发出者动作的发出者。2.2.常用名词或常用名词或相当于名词的词相当于名词的词（动词不定时（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。或动名词）、代词、数词和主

8、语从句充当。1.Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.3.Hehascaughtabadcold.4.Wearestudents.谓语：谓语：1.主语所做的主语所做的动作动作或具有的特征和状态。或具有的特征和状态。2.谓语由谓语由动词或动词词组动词或动词词组充当。充当。系动词加表语系动词加表语可构成谓语。可构成谓语。1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydi

9、ctionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.8.Lendmeyourdictionary,please.9.Theygavemesomemoney.宾语：宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物及物动词（动词（vt.）和介词（）和介词（prep.）后面。后面。1.His

10、fathernamedhimDongMing.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.宾语补足语宾语补足语1.对对宾语宾语起起补充说明补充说明作用，使句子意义完整。作用，使句子意义完整。2.结构：结构：Vt+宾语宾语+宾补宾补（如（如make等等+宾语宾语

11、+宾补）宾补）3.宾补可由宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句词短语和从句充当。充当。1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting.5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.8.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.9.Timeisup.Theclassisove

12、r.10.Thetruthisthatheislying.表语：表语：表语：表语：1.一般位于系动词后（一般位于系动词后（be动词，五大感官动动词，五大感官动词，变化词，变化v，保持，保持v)。2.表语一般由表语一般由名词、形容词名词、形容词表示。表示。Theweatherhasturnedcold.HishobbyisplayingfootballHis1.GuiLinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.

13、4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirstonetoentertheclassroom.6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.定语：定语：1.修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词，起限定，具体说明的作用，起限定，具体说明的作用2.在汉语中常用在汉语中常用“.的的”来表示。来表示。状语1.用来修饰用来修饰动词、形容词、副词动词、形容词、副词或或整个句子整个句子，表示

14、事情发生的表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、程度程度等等。等等。状语种类如下：状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imu

15、stworkharder.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（时间状语）（时间状语）（原因状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）（方式状语）（伴随状语）（伴随状语）（目的状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（让步状语）同位语：同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词，对前者或代词，对前者加以说明加以说明的成分。如：的成分。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallar

16、estudents.Thenewsthatwewonthefirstexcitedus.练习说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分中各充当什么成分1.I dont like the picture on the wall.2.My brother hasnt done his homework.3.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.4.He broke a piece of glass.5.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.主主谓语谓语宾语宾语定语

17、定语主语主语谓语谓语谓语谓语谓语谓语主主主主主主定语定语宾语宾语宾语宾语状语状语定语定语宾语宾语表语表语分析句子成分（定状补同位）：分析句子成分（定状补同位）：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain4Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue5Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.6Hisfavoritesport,playingvolleyball,take

18、smostofhissparetime.定语定语时间状语时间状语定语从句定语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句宾语补足语宾语补足语定语定语定语定语同位语同位语1WhentohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.2Hehascaughtabadcold.3Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.4Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.5Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.6Chinaisadevelopingcount

19、ry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.7Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.主语主语(subject)谓语谓语(predicate)表语表语(predicative)宾语宾语object宾语补足语宾语补足语object complement定语定语attributive状语状语adverbial句子的分类句子的分类（按用途划分）：（按用途划分）：陈述句陈述句;疑问句疑问句;祈使句祈使句;感感叹句叹句 Doyoulikefootball?TomcanspeakgoodEnglish.Tomgetsupearlyeveryday.Whatacl

20、everboyheis!Dontwasteyourtime!Howbeautifulsheis！Givemeapieceofpaper!按句子的结构可分三种：按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2）并列句）并列句：由并列连词（：由并列连词（and,but,o

21、r等）或分等）或分号（号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.3）复合句）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句（判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句（why）：）：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFriday.2.

22、TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.4.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.5.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.6.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant.7.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.8.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.简单简单复合复合并列并列复合复合并列并列复合复合简单简单复合复合

23、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?2.2.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.3.3.Iheardquietvoicesinacorneroftheclassroom.4.Shebecameafineexampleforpeoplewhohavehadbadaccidentsorbadluck.5.HestudiesinOxford.6.Joeb

24、oughtJoanaradiobutshedidntlikeit.7.Putonyourcap,oryouwillcatchcold.8.Ididntfeelwell,soIwenttobedearly.并列句的分类并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用or,eitheror,等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用but,still,however

25、,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果，常用有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：基本句型一：（主（主谓谓不及物动词不及物动词）e.g.Weworkhard.基本句型二：（主基本句型二：（

26、主谓谓宾）宾）e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.基本句型三：（主系表）基本句型三：（主系表）e.g.Heisastudent.基本句型四：基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.常接双宾语的及物动词有：常接双宾语的及物动词有：offer，bring,buy,give,lend,sell,pay,show,take,tell,write基本句型五：基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravel

27、byairorboat.3.Wegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readi

28、nganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Shesmiledherthanks.3.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.4.Heenjoysreading.5.Theyatewhatwasleftover.6.HesaidGoodmorning.7.Iwanttohaveacupoftea.8.Headmits(承认承认)thathewasmistaken.1.Whoknowst

29、heanswer?2.Shesmiledherthanks.3.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.4.Heenjoysreading.5.Theyatewhatwasleftover.6.HesaidGoodmorning.7.Iwanttohaveacupoftea.8.Headmits(承认承认)thathewasmistaken.OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Wefeelusedtolivinginbigcities.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Theirbos

30、sseemssatisfiedwiththework.Deepwaterstaysstill.OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Wefeelusedtolivinginbigcities.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Theirbossseemssatisfiedwiththework.Deepwaterstaysstill.1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.3.Hebroughtyouad

31、ictionary.4.Ishowedhimmypictures.5.Igavemycarawash.6.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.7.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.Ishowedhimmypictures.5.Igavemycarawash.6.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.7.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine

32、.Thesunkeepsuswarm.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.Whatmakeshimthinkso?Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.Isawthemgettingonthebus.Thesunkeepsuswarm.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.Whatmakeshimthinkso?Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.Isawthemgettingonthebus.1.Theyareplayinghappily.主主+谓谓2.Theflowerisdea

33、d.主主+系系+表表3.Plantsneedwater.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+简宾简宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主主+谓谓+宾宾判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?2.2.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.3.3.Iheardquietvoicesinacorneroftheclassroom.4.Shebecameafineexampleforpeoplewhohavehadbadaccidentsorbadluck.5.HestudiesinOxford.6.JoeboughtJoanaradiobutshedidntlikeit.7.Putonyourcap,oryouwillcatchcold.8.Ididntfeelwell,soIwenttobedearly.结束结束