考研英语阅读真题正文全文翻译.doc

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1、优质文本考研英语阅读真题正文+全文翻译(19952021 Text 1 在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。 对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大局部评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在群众日报中。 从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评

2、论越来越远。当时的报纸极其廉价，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比方George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟， Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把?新闻写作?定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者

3、欢迎的作家的一个 ?轻蔑之词? 不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特?卫报?写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的?自传?一书就成为热销读物。 1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。 Cardus的评论有没有时机重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。在他去世

4、之前，新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华美的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用处。何况，业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。 2021 Text 2 在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击付费系统。美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。有个创造者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。 现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里

5、大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情它可能将消除整个专利类别。 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管疑心这种专利授权的法律根

6、底，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。 前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险躲避方法。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不三位法官听审，而是全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审道富银行的裁决。 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“创造。乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师Harold

7、C. Wegner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反响。 2021 Text 3 在?引爆流行?这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是一小局部特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。 人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果

8、他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大局部的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。 但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。 研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外，即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与

9、那么多的“其他人互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次抵抗，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。 基于这一人际影响力的根本领实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现，

10、人们所说的“全球连锁反响 影响力通过网络进行广泛传播 发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否到达了临界数量。 2021 Text 4 台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身，台面下，他们一直把目标对准他人：会计准那么制定者。银行业抱怨会计规那么迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。规那么规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估局部资产的价值，而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。 不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知，但是准那么制定者在独立性方面这正是资产市场正常运行的关键已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒

11、资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。 美国FASB在与国会剧烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规那么的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“疑心我们的动机的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。 欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准那么委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完整方案就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规那么修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真

12、空中而是“在现实世界里，并表示欧洲可能最终会开展出不同的会计规那么。 正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充满着估值过高的资产。现在他们争论道市价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性缺乏，而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反响了投资者的疑心。死寂的市场一定程度上反响了瘫痪的银行于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购置那些看似不错的廉价资产。 为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新方案只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至是好斗的准那么制定者。FASB和I

13、ASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规那么。但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。 2021 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we

14、 would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1_a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been _2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic m

15、eans of payment would soon money itself,movement to a cashless society been so_5_ in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work _6_ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very _7_ to set up the computer,

16、 card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the_8_ form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they _9_ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to _10_ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of are _12_ from t

17、he issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. _13_ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may _14_ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that

18、an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information _15_ there. The fact that this is not an _16_ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and _17_ from someone elses accounts. The _18_ of thi

19、s type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to _19_ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic _20_ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and mar

20、keters might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise 2. A off B back C over D around 3. A power B concept C history D role 4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse 5. A silent B sudden C slow D steady 6. A for B against Cwith D on 7

21、. A imaginative B expensive C sensitive D productive 8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant 9. A collect B provide C copy D print 10. A give up B take over C bring back D pass down 11. A before B after C since D when 12. A kept B borrowed C released D withdrawn 13. A Unless B Until C Because

22、 D Though 14. A hide B express C raise Dease 15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed 16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear 17. A steal B choose C benefit D return 18. A consideration B prevention C manipulation D justification 19. A cope with B fight against C adapt to D call for 20. A

23、chunk B chip C path D trail Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America, the author Adam Davidson r

24、elates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today, a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines. Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appe

25、ared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

26、In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, ch

27、eap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of When women do break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recentl

28、y did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women-whether CEOs or their childrens caregivers-and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable perso

29、n living in a more just society. 36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_. A women take the lead B men have the final say C corporate governance is overwhelmed D senior management is family-friendly 37. The European Unions intended legislation is _. A a reflection of gender balance B a re

30、luctant choice C a response to Redings call D a voluntary action 38. According to Reding, quotas may help women _. A get top business positions B see through the glass ceiling C balance work and family D anticipate legal results 39. The authors attitude toward Redings appeal is one of _. A skepticis

31、m B objectiveness C indifference D approval 40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of _. A more social justice B massive media attention C suitable public policies D greater “soft pressure Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the

32、most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) A Live like a peasant B Balance your diet C Shopkeepers are your friends D Remember to treat yourself E Stick to what you need F Planning is everything G Waste not, want not Th

33、e hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has 60 a week to spend, 40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning 130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons best resta

34、urantsfailed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost. But its still a day-by-day thing.Now hes

35、 living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. Hes feeling positive, but hell carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - state, with barely any money to spend on food- but eating well on a budget. Heres his advice for economical foodies. 41._ Impulsive spending

36、 isnt an option, so plan your weeks menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. Its also a good idea to shop dail

37、y instead of weekly, because, being-human, youll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42_ This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, youll know tha

38、t you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43_ You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - thats not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead sho

39、uld eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to juiced. 44_ Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon youl

40、l feel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, theyll let you have for free. 45_ You wont be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set l

41、unch at a good restaurant - a week for three months gives you 21 - more thanMichelin-starred Arbutus. Its there - or for a large pizza from Dominos: I know which Id rather eat. 2021考研英语真题及答案 Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET

42、 1. ( 10 points) Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but thats not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1in World Warand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from

43、his home, the guy who 3all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest,

44、most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name isnt much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac.a working class name. The United States h

45、as 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe. Joe had a 11career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the sold

46、iers Pyle 13portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Bot

47、h men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, Joe was any American soldier, 20the most important person in their lives. 1.A performed B served C rebelled D betrayed 2.A actual B common C special D normal 3.A bore B cased C removed D loaded 4.A necessiti