长自考英语应试技巧词形变化应试技巧.doc
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1、精品文档?长?自考英语(二)应试技巧 词形变化( Word Form )应试技巧标题:自考英语(二)应试技巧 词形变化( Word Form )应试技巧1.熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意:动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式,如时态、语态及语气(直陈、虚拟)等,虚拟语气为重点,几年来的考题中都有这方面内容;也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时,首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后再作相应的变化。2.认真学好并熟悉课文。此题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的,其中多数来自课文,所以熟悉教材十分重要。3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解。主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词
2、比拟等级、情态动词、虚拟语气形容词比拟级、最高级,等局部。动词:动词是考试的重点。主要包括:动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。1)动词的时态:重点是动词的过去时、完成时。So far, Irving _(live) in New York City for ten years. has livedMany a writer of newspaper articles_(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turnedSome people think relations between people _(deteriorat
3、e) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible . have deterioratedNearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _(happen) to her.had happenedIn the past two decades, research _(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has expanded2)动词的语态:主要掌握各个时态的被动式。The nat
4、ions that _actively _(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, Russia, and the United States. are involvedThere _(estimate) to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in 1995. were estimated3)动词的语气:A.掌握非真实条件句中,谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。If you had come earlier, you
5、 _ (not miss) the first act of the play.would not have missedIf it hadnt been for your help, we _(be) in real trouble.would have beenB.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性和“紧迫性等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,由“动词原形或“should + 动词原形构成。 should 常常省略I would recommend that you _(think) about doing something similar fo
6、r yourself. (should) thinkIt was imperative that students _(finish) their papers before July 1st.(should) finishC.动词wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虚拟语气。I would rather he _(buy) the house next year.bought ( 表示从句中动作尚未发生)She treats me as if I _ (be) a stranger. wereThe manager told us to b
7、e friendly to the visitors as if we _( meet) them before.had metIf only we _(have) a phone! Im tired of waiting outside the public phone box.D.in case , for fear that , lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) + 原形。He took his umbrella with him lest it _ (rain.)(should) rainE.在It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词一般用过去时动词
8、。Its high time that we _(take) firm measures to protect our environment. tookF.时间错综条件句,动词的形式要根据表示的时间调整。如果我们早动身,现在就不会在雨中走了。If we had set out earlier,we wouldnt be walking in the rain.(从句中动作发生在过去,主句中动作发生在现在。)4)动词的非谓语动词形式:A.动词不定式:主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语或主语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式与完成式。不定式作定语:If there is no choi
9、ce, there is no decision _(make) to be made不定式作宾语: Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning _(see) . to be seen不定式作宾补 I notice him _( leave ) the classroom. leave (可省略to)不定式作主补:They were often compelled _(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.to work( 不可省略to)We
10、make them (to) work day and night. 不定式作宾语补语,在有些动词后可以省略TOThey are made to work day and night. 不定式作主语补语时,不可省略TOB.分词:主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。 另外,还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。分词作定语:Anyone _(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. wantingAs research techniques b
11、ecome more advanced, the number of animals _(use) in experiments may decrease. used分词作状语: When _(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems. presented_ (tell) that some guests were coming , she shopped all morning in the sup
12、ermarket. Having been toldHer body, with hands and feet _(bind) , was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound分词做宾补: They may have their passports _(remove) , making leaving or “escaping actually impossible. removed动名词作宾语:If you cannot understand , ask: “ Would you mind _(rephrase) the q
13、uestion , please ? rephrasingIf we dont start out now, we must risk _(miss) the train.missing形容词副词:As Jane was the _(old) , she looked after the other children in the family. eldest词性转换:The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _(trick)situation .trick是名词或动词,应把它变为形容词tric
14、kyThese electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _(specialize) in its function.specialize 是动词,应把它变为形容词 specific或 special汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English) 应试技巧1.事先筹划,再来做题在翻译每一个句子时,一定要事先筹划:先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构,是简单句还是复合句,或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句,那么要明确哪局部是主句,从句采用的形式,是定语从句、状语从句
15、还是其他的从句。在一个句子内,主语是什么,谓语用什么时态,是主动还是被动,要不要虚拟语气,这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中,要格外注意一些细节问题:1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组;2)名词的复数形式,动词的不规那么变化,主谓语的一致性:3)单词的拼写,标点符号,大小写,冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。2.灵活处理,提高把握在翻译过程中,有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写,这时千万不能灰心丧气,甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着,更不要用汉字去替代。对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理,有些没
16、把握的结构,可以用比拟有把握的结构来代替。例如,复合句没有把握,可以用两个简单句来表示;分词做状语没有把握,可以用状语从句来代替等等。比方:这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。The panel/committee/board consisting of /which was composed ofwhich was made up ofwhich consist of10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .这个问题本来可以不提,但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来,
17、一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来,例如“r“V,不分,“i “l,不分,有的常常遗忘标点符号,从而造成不必要的丢分。在对此题进行备考复习时,首先对以往做过的“汉译英作业进行复习,特别是作业中的错误之处,要进行思考,以求提高水平和技巧。其余的,那么可和总复习一起进行,如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中,对一些重点句、重点语法现象,除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英这方面想一想,自己给自己提问题:假设要考汉译英,这局部可能出什么类型题?这样就会印象更深。从最近几年的考试情况来看,汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比拟级、被动语态、 虚拟语气、it作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然,汉译英
18、的目的是将汉语的句意用标准的英语表达出来,用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题,只要译文的句意与原文一致,不出现重大的语法错误,拼写正确,就符合翻译的要求。英译汉(Translation from English into Chinese) 应试技巧1)了解英汉表达手段的重大差异A)英语习惯用被动语态,而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语,而英语句子除了个别特殊情况(如祈使句、感慨句)以外,不能没有主语。所以,在翻译时,-定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯,既要忠实于原文,又要符合汉语的表达习惯。例如:Something must be done to protect our environm
19、ent from further pollution.(必须采取措施,使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。)B)英语习惯用从句(长句),而汉语习惯用单句(短句)。在考试中要善于运用分译法,用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。例如: In warmer areas primitive man could use branches to make a framework which be then covered with leaves.( 在气候较为温暖的地方,原始人类能用树枝搭建屋架,外面用树叶遮盖。)C)英语习惯用名词表示行为动作,汉语那么往往相反。例如:He paid a visit to an
20、exhibition of advanced science and technology on Sunday.(星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。)D)表达时间、空间时,英语习惯先小后大,汉语那么往往相反。例如:He was born in an out -of- way mountain village in South China at 2 a.m .on May6,1968.(他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。)2)通过语境吃透全文词语的理解离不开上下文,这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。英语中一词一义的情况极为罕见,只有通过上下文才能了解单词确实切的含义。
21、在翻译中,要特别注意以下三个问题:A)认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义例如:What you said sound reasonable.(你的话听起来有道理。)His father gave him a sound beating.(他爸爸痛打他一顿。)B)注意习惯用语的理解英语历史悠久,拥有极为丰富的习语,对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。因而,考试经常涉及这方面的内容。,例如:I know this fellow from A to Z.(这家伙我非常了解。)C)确定代词在上下文中的指代关系代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境 .代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特
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