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1、熟悉胸部叩诊音的分类(3 3)叩叩诊诊:了了解解直直接接和和间间接接叩叩诊诊法法的的检检查查方方法法与与应应用用、影影响响叩叩诊诊音音的的因因素素。熟熟悉悉胸胸部部叩叩诊诊音音的的分分类类,肺肺下下界界移移动动度度的的叩叩诊诊方方法法。掌掌握握肺肺部部叩叩诊诊音音和和肺肺下下界界移移动动度度改改变变的的临临床床意意义。义。(4 4)听听诊诊:了了解解胸胸膜膜摩摩擦擦音音的的听听诊诊特特点点和和临临床床意意义义。熟熟悉悉正正常常呼呼吸吸音音的的种种类类、特特点点及及分分布布。啰啰音音的的发发生生机机制制、分分类类和和听听诊诊特特点点,语语音音共共振振的的检检查查法法及及临临床床意意义义。掌掌握握
2、病病理理性性呼呼吸吸音音听听诊诊的的特特点点和和临临床床意意义义。干干、湿湿啰啰音音产产生的临床意义。生的临床意义。骨性标志包括:胸骨角、腹上角、胸骨性标志包括:胸骨角、腹上角、胸骨剑突、肋骨、肋间隙、肩胛骨、肋脊骨剑突、肋骨、肋间隙、肩胛骨、肋脊角。角。自然陷窝自然陷窝:锁骨上窝、锁骨下窝、:锁骨上窝、锁骨下窝、人工划线包括;前正中线、左、右锁人工划线包括;前正中线、左、右锁骨中线、腋前线、腋中线、腋后线、后骨中线、腋前线、腋中线、腋后线、后正中线、肩胛线。正中线、肩胛线。胸部体格检查纲要胸部体格检查纲要A.视诊视诊1.检查者应面对病人站立,观察胸廓外形和对称性检查者应面对病人站立,观察胸廓
3、外形和对称性;2.观察呼吸形态;观察呼吸形态;B.触诊触诊3.触诊腋下淋巴结触诊腋下淋巴结;4.触诊胸壁有无压痛;触诊胸壁有无压痛;5.触诊乳房;触诊乳房;6.在前胸检查呼吸动度:在前胸检查呼吸动度:7.在后胸检查呼吸动度;在后胸检查呼吸动度;8.触诊胸膜摩擦感;触诊胸膜摩擦感;9.检查触觉语颤;检查触觉语颤;C叩诊叩诊10叩诊锁骨上窝,叩诊锁骨上窝,11叩诊后胸部;叩诊后胸部;12叩诊肺下界叩诊肺下界(肩胛下线肩胛下线);13.肩胛下线叩诊肺下界移动度:肩胛下线叩诊肺下界移动度:14叩诊前、侧胸部;叩诊前、侧胸部;D听诊听诊15听诊锁骨上窝;听诊锁骨上窝;16听诊前、侧胸部;听诊前、侧胸部;
4、17听诊后胸部;听诊后胸部;18检查有无胸膜摩擦音;检查有无胸膜摩擦音;19检查听觉语音。检查听觉语音。AReview1Review skeleta1 1andmarks2topographic description of location for any positive physical findings:normal or abnormalBMethods3 Examiner should stand facing the patient and observe the shape and symmetry of the chest.4 Measure respiratory rate
5、5 palpate trachea and ev1uate position of the trachea6 palpate for tenderness7.Breasts8.Evaluate posterior chest excursion9.EvaIuate Anterior Chest excursion10.Palpate for pleural friction rubs11.Check for tactile fremitus12.Percuss supraclavicutar fosiae13.Percuss the posterior chest14.Percuss the
6、lower margin of the lungs15.Percuss to detect diaPhragmatic movement at scapular lines16.Percuss the anterior and lateral chestMention of ConductionlExposure/warmth/lighting/easy airl Inspection,palpation,percussion,auscultationlAnterior-lateral-posterior Top-baselComparison:top to base/left to righ
7、tBone landmarklsuprasternal notch(胸骨上切迹胸骨上切迹)lclavicle(锁骨)(锁骨)lManubrium sterni(胸骨柄胸骨柄)lSternal angle(胸骨角胸骨角)Louis anglelsuprabdominal angle(腹上角腹上角)lxiphoid process(剑突剑突)lRibs&interspaceslscapula(肩胛骨肩胛骨)lspinous process(棘突棘突)lcostolspinal angle(肋脊角肋脊角)Natural fossa&anatomic regionlAxillary fossa lSu
8、praclavicular fossalSuprasternal fossalInfraclavicular fossalSuprascapular regionlInfrascapular regionlInterscapular regionVertical lineslAnterior middle line(前正中线)前正中线)lMid-clavicular lines(锁骨中线)(锁骨中线)lSpinal line(后正中线)(后正中线)l axillary lines(anterior,middle,posterior)(腋前、中、后线)(腋前、中、后线)lScapular lin
9、es(肩胛线)(肩胛线)The boundary of lung&pleuralLung apexlUpper boundary of the lunglOuter boundarylInner boundarylLower boundary:Midclavicular line 6th interspace Midaxillary line 8th interspaceInferior line 10th interspaceChest walllVein:Blood flow directionlSubcutaneius emphysema(皮下气肿皮下气肿)lTendernesslInt
10、erspacev触诊胸壁有无静脉显露、和皮下气肿和胸壁压触诊胸壁有无静脉显露、和皮下气肿和胸壁压痛痛皮下气肿检查方法皮下气肿检查方法1.用手按压时,有一种柔软带弹性的振动感似用手按压时,有一种柔软带弹性的振动感似用手握雪一样的感觉,即握雪感;用手握雪一样的感觉,即握雪感;2,用听诊器边加压边听诊可以听到多个微小,用听诊器边加压边听诊可以听到多个微小的的“喳喳喳喳”音类似捻发音音类似捻发音胸部压痛可见于胸部压痛可见于(1)肋间压痛,为肋间神经炎,肋间压痛,为肋间神经炎,(2)肋软骨局部压痛,可伴有肿胀,为肋骨软)肋软骨局部压痛,可伴有肿胀,为肋骨软骨炎;(骨炎;(3)胸骨压痛及叩击痛。为白血病的
11、表)胸骨压痛及叩击痛。为白血病的表现之一(现之一(4)胸壁局部压痛多见于胸壁软组织)胸壁局部压痛多见于胸壁软组织炎症脓肿,肋骨骨折;(炎症脓肿,肋骨骨折;(5)肌肉压痛,见于)肌肉压痛,见于肌炎、流行性肌痛等;肌炎、流行性肌痛等;二、胸壁、胸廓与乳房二、胸壁、胸廓与乳房v检查者面对病人站立,观察胸廓外检查者面对病人站立,观察胸廓外形和对称性,估计病人胸廓前后径与形和对称性,估计病人胸廓前后径与左右径之比左右径之比(正常为正常为l:1.5)。注意胸廓外形的变化。注意胸廓外形的变化。v乳房乳房Chest framworkNormal A-P/T diameter:1/1.5Flat chestBa
12、rrel chestRachitic chest Rachitic rosary(肋骨串珠)(肋骨串珠)Funnel chest(漏斗胸)(漏斗胸)Unilateral deformationLocal bulge of chest wallThoracic deformity caused by deformed spine A视诊视诊 观察呼吸运动观察呼吸运动(1)呼吸运动类型)呼吸运动类型(2)呼吸困难)呼吸困难(复习)(复习)(3)呼吸频率)呼吸频率(4)呼吸节律)呼吸节律InspectionlBreathing movement:l Diaphragmatic vs costal r
13、espirationlRespiratory rate:l-Tachypneal-Bradypneal-Change of the breath depthsInspection(2)lRhythm of the breath l-Tidal breathingl-Ataxic breathingl-Inhibitory breathingl-Sighing respirationNormalBradypneaTachypneaKusmols breath Sighing respirationTidal breathAtaxic breathInhibitory breathPalpatio
14、nlThoracic expansionlVocal fremitus(触觉语颤)lPleural friction fremitus(胸膜摩擦感)lConfirm the inspectionB.触诊触诊v检查呼吸扩张度检查呼吸扩张度正常两侧胸廓大致相等。正常两侧胸廓大致相等。v检查触觉语颤检查触觉语颤为被检查者发音时,声波的为被检查者发音时,声波的振动沿气管、支气管及肺泡传到胸壁引起共振动沿气管、支气管及肺泡传到胸壁引起共鸣的振动,用手可触及。其强弱取决于支气鸣的振动,用手可触及。其强弱取决于支气管是否通畅,胸壁传导是否良好。管是否通畅,胸壁传导是否良好。声波的传播:声波在三种不同介质中的
15、传播声波的传播:声波在三种不同介质中的传播时其传导力固体最强,其次为液体气体时其传导力固体最强,其次为液体气体最弱。坚硬均质的固体强于疏松非均质的最弱。坚硬均质的固体强于疏松非均质的固体发自声门的声波通过气管,支气管内固体发自声门的声波通过气管,支气管内的气体与管壁组织,传导至小支气管、肺泡的气体与管壁组织,传导至小支气管、肺泡胸膜及胸壁,触诊时可感及震颤;胸膜及胸壁,触诊时可感及震颤;注意事项:检查时应注意以下四点:注意事项:检查时应注意以下四点:(1 1)病人发音要低沉,音调不能过)病人发音要低沉,音调不能过高,在检查过程中发者的强度和音调要高,在检查过程中发者的强度和音调要始终一致始终一
16、致(2 2)要从上到下,先前胸后背部循序)要从上到下,先前胸后背部循序进行进行(3 3)注意左右对称部位对比检查;注意左右对称部位对比检查;(4 4)两手贴胸压力要轻而均等)两手贴胸压力要轻而均等;v触诊胸膜摩擦感触诊胸膜摩擦感C叩诊叩诊叩诊的方法叩诊的方法叩诊音的分类叩诊音的分类清音:正常肺部的叩诊音。清音:正常肺部的叩诊音。过清音:见于肺过清音:见于肺气肿。气肿。浊音:见于肺部含气减少或有炎症浸润浊音:见于肺部含气减少或有炎症浸润时。时。鼓音:正常可在左胸下侧叩得。鼓音:正常可在左胸下侧叩得。实音:实音:见于大量胸腔积液见于大量胸腔积液叩诊的位置叩诊的位置叩诊肺前界叩诊肺前界叩诊肺下界叩诊
17、肺下界(肩胛下线肩胛下线);肩胛下线叩诊肺下界移动度:肩胛下线叩诊肺下界移动度:(三三)percussion1.叩诊方法叩诊方法 direct percussion indirect percussion:the palmar surfaceof the left distal phalanx of the middle finger serves as the pleximeter and is firmly placed on the chest wall in an interspace;parallel to the ribs.3.胸部叩诊音的分类胸部叩诊音的分类 The normal
18、 percussion note varies with the thick-ness of the chest wall and the force applied by the examiner.1 The clear,long,low-pitched sound elicited over the normal lung is termed resonance.2 Dullness occurs when the air content of the under-lying tissue is decreased and its solidity is increased.The sou
19、nd is short,high-pitched,soft,and thudding,and lacks the vibratory quality of a resonant sound.It is heard normally over the heart and is accompanied by an increased sense of resistance in the pleximeter finger.3 Flatness is absolute dullness.When no air is present in the underlying tissue the sound
20、 is very short,feeble,and high-pitched;flatness is found over the muscle of the arm or thigh.4 Hyperresonance refers to a more vibrant,lower-pitched,louder,and longer sound heard normally over the lungs during maximum inspiration.5 Tympany is difficult to describe but implies that the sound is moder
21、ately loud and fairly well sustained,with a musical quality in which a specific pitch is often noted.It is normally heard in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen over the air filled stomach or over any hollow viscus.The pitch of tympany is variable,but it is usually high-pitched,clear,hollow,and d
22、rumlike.Percussion notes and their characteristicsInfluencing factors for percussion肺下界移动范围肺下界移动范围 检检查查时时先先于于平平静静呼呼吸吸时时在在肩肩胛胛下下角角线线上上叩叩出出肺肺下下界界,划划一一标标记记,然然后后分分别别在在被被评评估估者者深深吸吸气气与与深深呼呼气气后后,屏屏住住呼呼吸吸,再再在在同同一一线线上上自自上上而而下下叩叩出出肺肺下下界界并并作作标标记记。最最高高点点与与最最低低点点之之间间的的距距离离即即肺肺下下界界移移动动范范围围。听诊听诊l听诊的方法听诊的方法l正常呼吸音:正
23、常呼吸音:肺泡呼吸音,支气肺泡呼吸音,支气管呼吸音,支气管肺泡呼吸音管呼吸音,支气管肺泡呼吸音l病理性的呼吸音病理性的呼吸音1.病理性肺泡呼吸音:病理性肺泡呼吸音:(1)增强:生理性,病理性增强:生理性,病理性听诊听诊l病理性的呼吸音病理性的呼吸音1.病理性肺泡呼吸音:病理性肺泡呼吸音:(2)减弱或消失:呼吸音传导障碍,进减弱或消失:呼吸音传导障碍,进入肺泡内的空气量减少,肺组织弹入肺泡内的空气量减少,肺组织弹性减弱,呼吸运动受限,吸气受限,性减弱,呼吸运动受限,吸气受限,呼吸中枢功能障碍,空气流通障碍呼吸中枢功能障碍,空气流通障碍听诊听诊l病理性的呼吸音病理性的呼吸音1.病理性肺泡呼吸音:病
24、理性肺泡呼吸音:(3)呼气延长呼气延长(4)断续性呼吸音断续性呼吸音(5)呼吸音粗糙呼吸音粗糙2.病理性支气管呼吸音:病理性支气管呼吸音:肺组织实变,肺组织实变,大空腔,压迫性肺不张大空腔,压迫性肺不张3.病理性支气管肺泡呼吸音:病理性支气管肺泡呼吸音:听诊听诊l罗音:罗音:Rale 附加音,有干湿罗音附加音,有干湿罗音1.湿罗音湿罗音:Moist Rale(1)产生机理:产生机理:气流通过有稀薄分泌物气流通过有稀薄分泌物的支气管,气流通过有液体的空洞的支气管,气流通过有液体的空洞(2)种类:种类:小;中;大水泡音和捻发音小;中;大水泡音和捻发音 听诊听诊1.湿罗音湿罗音(3)特征:特征:出现
25、于吸气时,吸气末更明出现于吸气时,吸气末更明显;中小水泡音同时存在;部位较显;中小水泡音同时存在;部位较恒定;咳嗽以后减轻或消失恒定;咳嗽以后减轻或消失(4)临床意义:临床意义:广泛;肺底;局限湿罗广泛;肺底;局限湿罗音的不同意义音的不同意义听诊听诊2.干罗音干罗音 Rhonchi(1)产生机理:产生机理:空气通过狭窄的支空气通过狭窄的支气管腔,气流发生湍流形成气管腔,气流发生湍流形成(2)种类:种类:高调和低调干罗音高调和低调干罗音(3)特征:特征:吸气和呼气都能听到,吸气和呼气都能听到,呼气时更清楚;部位和强度易变呼气时更清楚;部位和强度易变听诊听诊2.干罗音干罗音(4)临床意义:临床意义:l干罗音遍布全肺野:干罗音遍布全肺野:弥漫性支气弥漫性支气管炎,支气管哮喘,心源性哮喘管炎,支气管哮喘,心源性哮喘l局部固定的干罗音:局部固定的干罗音:局部炎症,局部炎症,肿瘤,疤痕引起支气管腔狭窄肿瘤,疤痕引起支气管腔狭窄听诊听诊l语音共振语音共振产生机理和检查方法及临床意义与触产生机理和检查方法及临床意义与触觉语颤相同觉语颤相同l胸膜摩擦音胸膜摩擦音特点;发生部位;临床意义特点;发生部位;临床意义此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢
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