版高考英语一轮总复习-专题1-名词和冠词课件上课讲义.ppt

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1、版高考英语一轮总复习-专题1-名词和冠词课件知识点一名词的数1.可数名词单数变复数的规则(1)一般在名词词尾直接加s。friend朋友friendsnation国家nationsinterest兴趣interests change变化changesmember成员members painting油画paintings(2)词尾是s，x，ch，sh时一般加es。bus公共汽车buses fox狐狸foxescoach教练coaches bush灌木丛bushes注意：stomach(胃部)等词的复数形式是在词尾直接加s。(3)词尾是辅音字母y时，变y为i再加es。enemy敌人enemies h

2、obby业余爱好hobbiesdifficulty困难difficulties词尾是元音字母y时，直接加s。guy家伙guys key钥匙keys(4)词尾是f或fe时，多将f或fe变为ves。shelf架子shelves knife刀子kniveswolf狼wolves calf牛犊calveshousewife家庭主妇housewives(5)词尾是o的名词，有些直接加s，有些加es。piano钢琴pianos photo相片photoszoo动物园zoos bamboo竹子bamboostomato番茄tomatoes potato土豆potatoes名词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、

3、补语、定语、状语、同位语以及称呼语，但不能作谓语。规则变化名词单数变复数，直接加-s占多数；s，x，z，ch，sh来结尾，直接加上-es；词尾是f或fe，加-s之前先变ve；辅母y在词尾，把y变i再加-es；词尾字母若是o，常用三个已足够，要加-es请记好，hero,tomato,potato。1.In the rush hour,there were so many cars and_(bus)on the road,so I was stuck.2.More than 300_(coach)have been invited to the meeting.答案1.buses2.coache

4、s2.常用特殊名词的复数形式(1)单复数同形的名词sheep绵羊deer鹿aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人Japanese日本人means手段works工厂series系列(2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子children man男人menwoman女人women tooth牙teethfoot脚；英尺feet mouse老鼠micecriterion标准criteria phenomenon现象phenomenamedium传播媒介media(3)合成名词的复数变化规则有中心名词的合成词的复数，是在中心名词后加-s。son-in-lawsons-in-law女婿passer-

5、bypassers-by路人无中心名词的合成词的复数，通常在词尾加-s。grown-upgrown-ups成人stand-bystand-bys旁观者名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。man doctormen doctors男医生woman waiterwomen waiters女服务生3.不可数名词的数一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,informati

6、on,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁)，equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。4.有些物质名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。常见的这类词有paper纸papers论文 water水waters水域 cust

7、om习惯customs海关manner方式manners礼貌look看looks外貌time时间times时代 wood木材woods树林 sand沙子sands沙滩不规则变化男人女人a变e，鹅足牙oo变ee；老鼠虱婆也好记，ous变ic；孩子加上ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用变。3.Unfortunately,a great many_(deer)have been killed in the past decade.4.However,the grass under our _(foot)is green enough.答案3.deer4.feet1.不可数名词可以通过在名词前加表示数量的词来表示数

8、量概念。如：a piece of paper,two sets of furniture,three cups of coffee。2.最常考到的几个不可数名词有：advice,progress,weather,fun,information。3.集合名词要当心，整体个体需分清。常考的集合名词有：crew,couple,audience,class,group,family.你务必尽力帮助他。【误】By all means,you must try every mean to help him.【正】By all means,you must try every means to help h

9、im.误点：_知识点二名词的格1.s所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：构成例词一般是名词词尾加sMikes computer迈克的电脑-s或-es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加students reading room学生阅览室词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词，仍加schildrens game孩子们的游戏Womens Day妇女节2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词，通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the name of the street街道的名字the title of the article文章的标题3.双重所有格双重所

10、有格的构成为：“名词of名词-s”或“名词of名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：用法例句表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a,any,some,a few,two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用theanother house of Johns约翰的另一所房子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this,that,these,those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等That dog of Toms is really clever.汤姆的那只狗真聪明。名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，若为生命词，加“s”即可行，词尾有s，仅把逗号择；并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者

11、最后加；若为无命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，此是硬规则。填一填1.汤姆的妈妈_2.教师节_3.儿童节_4.今天的报纸_5.步行二十分钟的路程_答案 1.Toms mother 2.Teachers day 3.Childrens day 4.Todays newspaper5.twenty minutes walk完成句子6.Mr White and Mr Black have been_(我父亲和我母亲的朋友)since 1982.7.One day,after a whole_(day)work,I went back home by bus.答案6.my father and my mo

12、thers friends7.days知识点三名词词形变化名词后缀意义例词-age抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、结果或总称useusage 用途shortshortage 缺乏marrymarriage 婚姻packpackage 包裹-ance，-ence抽象名词后缀，表示性质、状态、行为、过程acceptacceptance 接受performperformance 表演existexistence 存在occuroccurrence 发生differdifference 不同-ancy，-ency抽象名词后缀，表示性质和状态expectexpectancy 期待tendtendency

13、趋势，趋向emergentemergency 紧急情况fluentfluency 流利；流畅-dom表示状况或状态freefreedom 自由wisewisdom 智慧-er，-or表示“人，者”receivereceiver 接受者；听筒carrycarrier 携带者beginbeginner 初学者directdirector 主任operateoperator 操作者-ian构成人称名词，表示“精通的人”techniquetechnician 技术员-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常意为“化”classifyclassification 分类communicatecommun

14、ication 交流-ics表示“学科”economiceconomics 经济学physicphysics 物理学-ion，-ation，-ition由动词构成的名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况，意为“行为；状态”produceproduction 生产solutesolution 解决方法organizeorganization 组织；机构constructconstruction 建设describedescription 描述directdirection 方向hesitatehesitation 犹豫competecompetition 竞争-ist构成人称名词，表示“从事研究者；信

15、仰主义者”specialspecialist 专家pianopianist 钢琴家socialsocialist 社会主义者-ity/ty抽象名词后缀，表示性质responsibleresponsibility 责任similarsimilarity 相似-ment抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果advertiseadvertisement 广告developdevelopment 发展movemovement 动作；活动achieveachievement 成就equipequipment 设备improveimprovement 改善-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表示状态、性

16、质或程度awareawareness 意识calmcalmness 冷静thickthickness 厚度effectiveeffectiveness 有效usefulusefulness 有用-ship抽象名词后缀，表示状态relationrelationship 关系membermembership 成员资格friendfriendship 友谊-th由形容词构成名词，表示动作、性质和状态deaddeath 死亡warmwarmth 温暖widewidth 宽度truetruth 真相-ure抽象名词后缀，表示行为和结果failfailure 失败exposeexposure 暴露pres

17、spressure 压力冠词、动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词后一般接名词或动名词，如果所给单词是其它词类，就要将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变化。如果所给单词为动词，需在原动词后加-ing将其变为动名词。或者加上相应的名词后缀，对所给词做相应改变。.根据句意，加上合适的词1.Dont argue，please.I dont want an_.2.Edison invented so many things.His_brought much convenience to peoples life.3.He decided this by himself.It was his own_.4.Dont

18、 be anxious.Control your_.5.We all want to be happy.We all seek_.答案1.argument2.inventions3.decision4.anxiety5.happiness.根据提示，完成下列短文，然后朗读或背诵，在语境中体会名词的用法Two _1_(月)ago,I had dinner at_2_(Mr.White)with two_3_(主编)and three_4_(英雄).During the dinner,Mr.White talked a lot about his_5_(experience)in America,

19、where he ran a_6_(magazine)store with his_7_(22岁的)son and they met with many difficulties.He gained his_8_(wealth)by printing works of famous writers.After the dinner，he made five_9_(tea)for us.In my view,I thought Mr.White focused too much on success because he didnt want to be a _10_(fail).答案1.mon

20、ths2.Mr.Whites3.editors-in-chief4.heroes5.experiences6.magazine 7.22-year-old8.wealth 9.teas10.failure1.这条街上的三家鞋店竞争激烈。【误】There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street.【正】There is fierce competition between the three shoe shops in the street.误点：_2.这个经理很有商业头脑，所以其公司运作良好。【误】The

21、 manager has got a good business idea,so the company is doing well.【正】The manager has got a good business sense,so the company is doing well.误点：_一旦确定为所需词为名词，就要观察该词在句子的意义是泛指还是类指，词前是否有some,many,a lot of,a number of,several,基数词等，如果有这类词，那么该词还要变为复数形式。知识点四主谓一致一、语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。1.动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时

22、，谓语动词常用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world.爱人和被人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。Everything is in a complete mass,which drives people crazy.所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。What he said is far from the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the school

23、 needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是有能力的教师。2.主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with，together with，as well as，along with，besides，like，but，except，including，rather than等，谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了

24、一次出国的机会。My father，together with his workmates，has been to Beijing.我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。3.and，both.and.连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式，但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词需用单数形式。Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting-room.她的老师和朋友都在客厅。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。4.定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与

25、先行词保持一致。在“itbe被强调部分that/who.”强调句型中，be一般用单数形式。如果强调的是主语，that/who后的谓语动词由被强调部分决定。My friend showed me around the town，which was very kind of him.我的朋友真是太好了，他带我参观了这个小镇。It is I who am going to be a pilot.我即将成为一名飞行员。5.“more than one/many a单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。More t

26、han one person is involved in this.与此事有牵连的不止一个人。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。【温馨提示】“more 复数名词than one”作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。单单复复最常见，集体名词常用单。如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓用复，people，police即这般。主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关。man

27、y a 主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。or，nor，but also，there be近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词、主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见。rest，means，following，意义决定其复单。and连接两名词，身兼两职一定冠。no，each，every后单各，两种事物一概念。以上情况请记清，谓语动词全用单。形容词带the表一类，姓氏复数加定冠。-s结尾山脉与群岛，谓语用复勿用单。代词neither，either，each等用作主语全用单。二、意义一致原则意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单

28、复数。1.集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生都在做实验。注意：(1)people，cattle，police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。(2)单复数同形的名词，如deer，s

29、heep，fish，means，works，Chinese等作主语时，要视其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。2.“分数/百分数/the majorityof名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义：all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。Thirty percent of the cattle are thin，but the rest are fat.百分之三十的牛是瘦的，但其余的都是肥的。All of this is wonderful，but the best part of this film

30、 is the acting.所有这些都很精彩，但电影最精彩的部分是表演。3.“the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。4.a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.Quantit

31、ies of time have been wasted on the project.大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。5.“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“的数量”。A number of students have gone for an outing.许多学生去远足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增加。6.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。

32、Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3 000 美元是一笔大数目。7.以-s/-ics结尾的学科名词及news作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Bad news travels quickly.谚语坏事传千里。判断主谓一致的关键：分析句子成分，找准句子主语，判断句子主语是单数还是复数。再根据主谓一致的原则解题。1.My mother as well as my father_an engineer.2.At that time,the man together with his wife and chi

33、ldren_sitting there watching TV.3.Nobody but Tom and Mary_(know)the secret.4.At that time,the parents together with their children_sitting there watching TV.5.His family_going to move.6.His family_watching TV.7.The poet and the writer_(have)told me their story.8.The poet and writer_(have)come.9.Nine

34、ty percent of the students_from China.10.Three fourths of the earths surface_covered by water.答案1.is2.was3.knows 4.were5.is6.are7.have 8.has9.are10.is三、就近一致原则就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。1.当or，nor，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only the door

35、but also the windows are open.门和窗户都开着。Either you or he is to take part in the competition.要么你去参加竞赛，要么他去。2.在here，there置于句首的倒装句中，当主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与其邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。There stands the teaching building between the two rows of trees.教学楼在两排树之间。There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.房间里有三把椅子

36、、一张桌子和一台电脑。单句改错11.I am sorry that maths disappoint you，but you cant give it up.改：_12.Every man and woman have a good reason to be proud of the work.改：_答案11.disappointdisappointed 12.havehas 冠词思维流程知识点一不定冠词不定冠词的活用 1.a/an用于人名前，三种含义最常见：“一个叫的人/一个样的人/一件人的作品”。Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons，pleas

37、e?你能告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走吗？Sorry，we dont have a Johnson here in the village.对不起，这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。2.amost 表示“很”，“非常”。Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?你昨天玩得开心吗？Yes，as you know，the party went on in a most pleasant atmosphere.是的，正如你所知，晚会是在非常愉快的气氛中进行的。3.序数词前一般加定冠词the表示顺序，但序数词前可加不定冠词a(n)，表示“另一个；又一个”。In order to find

38、 a better job，he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定学习另一门外语。4.有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding 等是由其动词转化而来，它们后面加of.时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。Tom owns a larger collection of books than any other student in our class.在我们班中，汤姆收集的书最多。Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is

39、 a must in international trade today.许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。5.不定冠词a与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵，一份”。What a heavy rain！多大的一场雨啊！Please give me a black coffee!请给我一杯不加糖的咖啡。6.表示“每一”的意思。We go swimming four times a week.我们每个星期去游四次泳。7.在such a，quite a句式中。He is quite a good actor.他是一位相当好的演员。Dont be in such a hu

40、rry.不要那么匆匆忙忙的。8.在感叹句 what.的句式中。What a pretty girl she is!她是多漂亮的女孩啊！9.用在某些表示数量的短语中。a lot of/a couple of/a great many/a dozen也可以用作one dozen/a great deal of 泛指首提为最多，有时表示“某一个”；物质抽象表“一场”，so加形容再加“a”；可数名词为“一类”，序数词前“又一个”；quite等词常放后，固定短语须琢磨。用适当的冠词填空1.If you grow up in _ large family,you are more likely to de

41、velop_ ability to get on well with_ others.答案a；the；/抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with_others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指，即在其前加the。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。2.I dont know who invented _ telephone,but its really _ most wonderful invention.答案 the；a the telephone特指电话这类事物；a most wonderful invention意为

42、“一项非常奇妙的发明”。3.Now,if Spain were_American state rather than a European country,things wouldnt be so bad.答案an4.You are wanted on the phone._Mrs.Green is waiting to speak to you.答案a玉米是人、畜都可以吃的有用的农作物。【误】Corn is an useful plant that can be eaten by both people and animals.【正】Corn is a useful plant that c

43、an be eaten by both people and animals.误点：_知识点二定冠词一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物。Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Open the window,please.请打开窗户。3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。(第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”)There was a chair by the window.On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.窗边有一把椅子。在

44、这把椅子上，坐着一位抱孩子的年轻女子。4.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等名词前。the sun 太阳the moon 月亮the earth 地球the sky 天空 the world 世界注意：有些物体虽然也是独一无二的，但习惯上却不用冠词。space太空nature自然man人类5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。The first truck is carrying a few baskets.第一辆卡车装运了一些筐。表示两者间“较的一个”时用定冠词。The older of the two noblemen took a light.两位绅士中年龄较大的那位

45、拿了一盏灯。He is the taller of the two boys.他是两个男孩中较高的一位。6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall长城the Summer Palace颐和园the Peoples Farm人民农场the Science Museum科学馆7.the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物。The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法：A horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.8.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。the

46、 rich富人the poor穷人the sick病人the old老人the young年轻人the blind盲人the dead死人 The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.受伤者被立刻送往医院。9.用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。The Turners are going home on a train.特纳一家要乘火车回家。10.用在方位词前。on the left/right在左/右边 in the east/west/north/south在东/西/北/南方 at the back/front of在的后

47、/前面 11.用在乐器特别是西洋乐器，名词前。My brother is playing the violin while my sister is chatting on the Internet.我弟弟在拉小提琴而我妹妹正在网上聊天。12.用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。the East China Sea 东海the Huai River 淮河 the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山the United States of America 美国 名词为冠词的“指路词”，先找名词再确定填什么冠词。1.下列情况很可能填不定冠词(1)_可数名词(单数)；(2)_

48、形容词可数名词(单数)。2.下列情况下很可能填定冠词(1)_(定语)名词介词短语(表示特指)；(2)_(定语)名词定语从句(表示特指)；(3)_(定语)名词不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。1.Id love _ room on the higher floor so that I can have a birds eye view of _ city.2.If you feel that I am suitable for the job that you have in mind,please inform me of_time convenient for an interview.I

49、hope to hear from you in the near future.3.(2015全 国).by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers.4.Some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes in _weather around the world.5.An apple fell from the tree and hit him on_hea

50、d.答案1.a；the2.the3.the 4.the5.the1.格林一家住在北京。【误】Greens live in Beijing.【正】The Greens live in Beijing.误点：_2.做这项工作的青年人比老年人积极。【误】The young is more active than the old in the work.【正】The young are more active than the old in the work.误点：_二、定冠词的活用1.在句型“动词sb介词the身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。take sb by the arm 抓住某