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1、上海师范大学外国语学院上海师范大学外国语学院 李照国李照国 中医英语翻译中医英语翻译理论与实践理论与实践一点常识一点常识礼记礼记王制王制“中中国国,夷夷、蛮蛮、戎戎、狄狄五五方方之之民民,言言语语不不通通,嗜嗜欲欲不不同同。达达其其志志,通通其其欲欲,东东方方曰曰寄寄,南南方方曰曰象象,西西方方曰狄鞮,北方曰译。曰狄鞮,北方曰译。”严子译例言严子译例言n译事三难译事三难信信 达达 雅雅。求其信已大难矣。顾求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译犹不信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。译也。支谦法句经序支谦法句经序 仆初嫌其辞不仆初嫌其辞不雅雅。维祗难曰:。维祗难曰:“佛言依佛言依其义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者
2、,其义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。”座中座中咸曰:咸曰:“老氏称老氏称美言不美言不信信,信言不美。,信言不美。仲尼亦云:仲尼亦云:书不尽言,言不尽意。书不尽言,言不尽意。明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义,实宜径明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义,实宜径达达。”是以自偈受译人口,因循本旨,不加文是以自偈受译人口,因循本旨,不加文饰。饰。译业与译才译业与译才 咸宁万国第一咸宁万国第一 Bringing peace to all the Bringing peace to all the countries in the worldcountries
3、 in the world 黄帝升坐紫微宫,岐伯、雷公各侍黄帝升坐紫微宫,岐伯、雷公各侍左右。左右。Huangdi was sitting in the palace in the Heaven.Qibo and Leigong,his senior ministers,were standing on either side in attendance.n黄黄帝帝曰曰:“惜惜时时与与卿卿等等谈谈医医论论药药,旨旨在在救救天天下下万万民民于于忧忧患患,非非为为吾吾华华夏夏一一族族所所计计。朕朕观观日日月月交交辉辉,忧忧人人世世多多艰艰。愿愿昔昔时时所所厘厘之之医医道道广播四海,咸宁万国。广播四
4、海,咸宁万国。”nHuangdi said:“I have established this system of medicine for people all over the world,not just for the Chinese nation.I hope that it can be disseminated and practiced over the world.”n岐岐伯伯曰曰:“陛陛下下所所立立之之医医道道乃乃兴兴国国生生民民之之大大法法。故故当当传传于四方,惠及愚智贤不肖。于四方,惠及愚智贤不肖。nQibo said:“The medicine that Your Ma
5、jesty have established is indispensable to the life of the people.So it should be disseminated to all the whole world and serve for peoples from different countries.n自自黄黄帝帝内内经经问问世世,华华夏夏医医道道于于汉汉唐唐之之际际东东传传高高丽丽、扶扶桑桑,南南播播交交趾趾诸诸岛岛,北北及及朔朔方方之之域域,西西入入吐吐蕃蕃高高原原,于于各各族族各各部部之之繁繁荣荣昌昌盛盛,善善莫莫大大焉焉。”nSince the public
6、ation of Huangdi Neijing,Chinese medicine was spread to Korea,Japan,Viet Nam and northern areas of China.It has made great contributions to the prosperity and development of these countries.”n黄黄帝帝曰曰:“四四异异之之邦邦与与吾吾华华夏夏言言语语不不通通,嗜嗜欲欲不不同同。华华夏夏医医道,何以传之于彼?道,何以传之于彼?”n Huangdi said:“The languages spoken in t
7、hese countries and areas are different from the Chinese language.How was the Chinese medicine disseminated to these places?”n岐岐伯伯对对曰曰:“诸诸四四异异之之邦邦文文在在初初创创,医医道道未未立立。故故遣遣其其聪聪慧慧之之士士远远涉涉千千山山,前前来来中中土土,潜潜习习华华文文,精精修修医医术。术。nQibo answered:“At that time medicine and written language in these countries and area
8、s were not established yet.These countries sent students and scholars to China to study Chinese language and medicine through Chinese media.n及及谙谙熟熟之之,并并携携医医经经药药典典还还国国,以以华华文文传传于于其其地地。故故今今之之日日文文多多杂杂以以华华字字。朝朝韩韩越越国国,旧旧亦亦书书华华文行儒学。文行儒学。”nAfter returning their countries,they practiced and taught Chinese me
9、dicine through the media of Chinese characters.That is why today Chinese characters still can be found in Japanese written language.”n黄黄帝帝曰曰:“吐吐蕃蕃、西西域域及及朔朔方方之之大大部部今今属属中中国国之之地地;高高丽丽、扶扶桑桑、交交趾趾皆皆为为儒儒学学昌昌盛盛之之邦邦。华华夏夏医医道道传传之之其其地地当当无无山山隔隔水水断之忧。断之忧。nHuangdi said:“Korea,Japan and Viet Nam are all the countri
10、es within the circle of Confucian civilization.The dissemination of Chinese medicine in these countries is certainly not very difficult.n朕朕所所虑虑者者,乃乃泰泰西西之之国国。其其国国与与华华夏夏远远涉涉重重洋洋,言言语语迥迥异异。华夏之医,如何传之于彼?华夏之医,如何传之于彼?”nWhat I am always worrying about is the countries in the West.The Western countries are qu
11、ite different from China in language and customs.What shall we do to disseminate Chinese medicine to these countries?”n岐岐伯伯曰曰:“古古人人云云:名名物物不不同同,传传实实不不易易。欲欲使使泰泰西西之之人人晓晓谕谕华华夏夏医医术术,须须经经翻翻译译之之径径。然然泰泰西西之之语语与与华华夏夏之之文文契契合合者者少少,遂遂使使翻翻译译辞辞不不达义,谬误广布。达义,谬误广布。”nQibo answered:“It is true that the Western language
12、s are totally different from the Chinese language.That is why there are many errors in the current translation of Chinese medicine into the Western languages.”n黄黄帝帝曰曰:“医医者者,性性命命攸攸关关之之术术。岂岂可可恣恣意意妄妄为为?差差之之毫毫厘厘,谬谬之之千千里里。反反左左为为右右,生生即即为为杀杀。然然泰泰西西之之语语与与吾吾华华夏夏之之文文泾泾渭渭两两色色,如如之之奈何?奈何?”nHuangdi said:“Medicine
13、 is closely related to the life of the people.One small mistake may lead to a great disaster.But the Western languages are so different from the Chinese language.How to translate Chinese medicine into Western languages then?”n岐岐伯伯对对曰曰:“必必得得精精于于华华夏夏医医术术、谙谙于于泰泰西西言言语语之之士士潜潜心心较较之之、辨辨之之,方方可可厘厘定定传传译译之之序序,
14、通通达达医医道道之之旨旨,消消讹除误,交通东西。讹除误,交通东西。”n黄黄帝帝问问曰曰:“此此等等贤贤士士,何何处处可可得得?”nQibo answered:“It can only be done by those who have a good command of both Western languages and Chinese medicine.”nHuangdi asked:“Where can we find such erudite scholars to undertake such a difficult task?”n岐岐伯伯对对曰曰:“华华夏夏之之国国,今今恰恰政政通
15、通人人和和,重重教教兴兴学学。此此等等贤贤才才,当当可可访访寻寻。陛陛下下即即可可遣遣一一天天官官到到下下界界走走访访一一番番,若若遇遇此此等等贤贤才才,即即诏诏命命其其精精研研译译道道,传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。”nQibo answered:“China now is stable and peaceful.The government pays much attention to education.Qualified translators can certainly be found in this country with such a great ancie
16、nt civilization.Your Majesty may send an official from the Heaven to the world of man to look for such qualified translators.”n黄黄帝帝曰曰:“卿卿言言极极是是。雷雷公公何在?何在?”n雷雷公公拜拜曰曰:“臣臣谨谨听听圣圣训训。”nHuangdi said:“Good suggestion!Wheres Leigong?”nLeigong kowtowed and answered:“I am ready to follow Your Majestys edict.”n
17、黄黄帝帝曰曰:“今今差差汝汝速速往往下下界界,遍遍访访华华夏夏古古国国,悉悉求求精精通通医医术术、熟熟谙谙西西语之贤士。语之贤士。nHuangdi said:“Ill send you to the world of man to look for qualified translators who have a good command of both Chinese medicine and Western languages.n诏诏命命其其精精研研译译道道,传传译译华华医医于于泰泰西,以使万国咸宁,天下安康。西,以使万国咸宁,天下安康。n雷雷公公稽稽首首再再拜拜曰曰:“谨谨遵遵圣圣意意。
18、”nWhen you have found such erudite scholars,ask them to carefully study the methods of translation and translate Chinese medicine into Western languages.”nLeigong kowtowed again and said:“I will act in compliance with Your Majestys instructions.”中医英语翻译中医英语翻译原则与方法原则与方法中医英译基本特点中医英译基本特点n1.仿造化仿造化n所谓仿造,指
19、的是在翻译原语的无所谓仿造,指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分,即词代换无等值词汇的组成部分,即词素或词。素或词。n例如:例如:liver blood(肝血)、(肝血)、blood deficiency(血虚)、(血虚)、activating blood to resolve stasis(活血化瘀)(活血化瘀)等等。英语中有等等。英语中有liver,blood,deficiency这些单词,但却没有这些单词,但却没有liver blood,blood deficiency 这样的概念。这样的概念。仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有
20、的相关单仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有的相关单词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过对词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过对英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。2.定义定义化化n辨证论治:辨证论治:diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signsn“辨证论治辨证论治”目前已基本简洁为目前已基本简洁为treatment based on syndrome differentiation 或或syndrome diffe
21、rentiation and treatment n从翻译的角度来看,这个术语中从翻译的角度来看,这个术语中的的“辨辨”、“证证”和和“治治”是是“关键字关键字”,现一般通译为,现一般通译为differentiation,syndrome 和和treatment。只要这三个。只要这三个“关键关键字字”翻译一致且整个术语的结构翻译一致且整个术语的结构比较简洁,即基本达到了术语翻比较简洁,即基本达到了术语翻译的要求。译的要求。3.多样化多样化n例如,例如,“虚虚”指指脏腑的脏腑的“虚虚”时可用时可用asthenia,如,如”脾虚脾虚”可译为可译为asthenia of the spleen,若译为
22、,若译为deficiency of the spleen,则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的,则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的缺损缺损。纯纯指功能的虚弱,也可以用指功能的虚弱,也可以用hypofunction 来表示。表示来表示。表示“体虚体虚”这一概这一概念时,也可用念时,也可用weakness 或或debility 来来表达表达.4.拼音化拼音化n由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异,由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异,中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找到对应语。如到对应语。如“气气”、“阴阳阴阳”、“气功气功”、“推拿推拿”等等。这些概念具有典型的中
23、国等等。这些概念具有典型的中国文化特色,无论直译还是意译都无法准确地文化特色,无论直译还是意译都无法准确地再现原文的内涵再现原文的内涵。从目前国内外的实践来看,从目前国内外的实践来看,采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比较采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比较可行的。事实上,这种方法已逐步为中医翻可行的。事实上,这种方法已逐步为中医翻译界所普遍采用,也为国外读者所接受译界所普遍采用,也为国外读者所接受。中医英语翻译的难点中医英语翻译的难点n1.对应语的对应语的缺乏缺乏n五行五行 five elements;five phases n三焦三焦 three warmers;three burner
24、s;three heaters;triple energizern经脉经脉meridian;channel;conduitn五脏五脏 five solid organs;five zang-organs;five zang-visceran六腑六腑 six hollow organs;six fu-organs;six fu-viscera2.理解的偏差理解的偏差n黄帝内经黄帝内经 Yellow Emperors Internal Medicinen带下医带下医 doctor underneath the skirtn失笑失笑散散 Powder for Lost Smiles中医英语翻译的原则
25、中医英语翻译的原则n1.自然性自然性原则原则n疫毒痢:中毒性菌痢(toxicbacillarydysentery)n寸白虫:绦虫病(taeniasis)n痨瘵:肺结核(pulmonarytuberculosis)n疳积:小儿营养不良(infantilemalnutrition)n瘰疬:颈部淋巴结核(tuberculosisofcervicallymphnode)n瘿:甲状腺肿大(goitre,thyroidenlargement)2.简洁性原则简洁性原则 原原文词的意义单位(实词)数文词的意义单位(实词)数n信息密度信息密度=-译文译文词的意义单位(实词)词的意义单位(实词)数数信息密度标准可
26、分为三个档次:信息密度标准可分为三个档次:A 挡为挡为0.5,B 挡为挡为0.25,C 挡为挡为0.1。最佳信息密度不低于。最佳信息密度不低于A 挡,低于挡,低于B 挡的词应反复推敲,低于挡的词应反复推敲,低于C 挡的词挡的词不应采用。不应采用。3.民族性原则民族性原则n音译音译n有一部分中医用语在英语中有其有一部分中医用语在英语中有其“形形”,但却,但却无其无其“意意”,如,如“表里表里”、“六淫六淫”等。在英等。在英语中有语中有external/exterior(表)和(表)和internal/interior(里)这样的词语,也有(里)这样的词语,也有wind(风)、(风)、cold(寒
27、)、(寒)、summer-heat(暑热)、(暑热)、dampness(湿)、(湿)、dryness(燥)(燥)、fire(火)这样一些概念,但却没有中医上(火)这样一些概念,但却没有中医上的特定内涵的特定内涵。n再比如英语语言中有heart(心)和fire(火),但却没有heartfire这样一个概念。那么在翻译时如何处理中医的这些概念呢?一般的做法是借用英语语言固有的词汇,按照中医概念的特定内涵重新组合其结构形式,从而使其能承载中医概念的信息。如将“心火”译为heartfire,将“肾虚”译为kidneyasthenia或kidneydeficiency等。严格地讲,这样的翻译还只是“表层
28、”翻译,原概念的“深层”含义还游离于其新组合的形式之外。其“形”与“意”的有机结合还需要在交流的过程中不断磨合,逐步得以实现。4.回译性原则回译性原则n所谓“回译性原则”,指的是英译的中医名词术语在结构上应与中文形式相近。这样在中医药的国际交流中,就能较好地实现信息的双向传递。如将“肺气不足”译为insufficiencyoflungqi,将“活血化瘀”译为activatingbloodtoresolvestasis,将“湿热”译为damp-heat等等,英译的中医术语与原文相比,在结构上和字面意义上都比较接近,因而具有一定的回译性。5.规定性原则规定性原则n规定性原则指的是对中医名词术语的翻
29、译在内涵上加以限定,使其不能另有解释。提出这样一个原则主要是为了解决中医名词术语翻译上内涵的对等问题。n例如“辨证”尽管一般人多译作syndromedifferentiation,但对这一译法历来争论不休。有人认为中医的“证”不同于西医的syndrome。但是,如果我们从“名”与“实”的辨证关系出发来考虑问题,便可以将syndromedifferentiation加以规定。规定其只能表达中医“辨证”这个概念,不能作任何其它的解释。n比如世界卫生组织对“针灸经穴名称”的国际标准化,实际上就是一种规定。它规定“三焦”的英语译名为tripleenergizer、“经脉”的译名为meridian、“冲
30、脉”的译名为thoroughfarevessel等等。如果我们将其英语译名与中文原文加以比较,便会发现诸多“不相对应”或“不相吻合”之处。然而由于对它们的内涵作了规定,所以并没有在实际的交流中引起人们想象中的“混乱不堪”。这就是规定性原则的作用所在。中医英语翻译方法中医英语翻译方法n1.借用西医借用西医用语用语n解剖概念解剖概念n心、肝、脾、肺、肾”nheart,liver,spleen,lungandkidney病症名称病症名称n心悸palpitationn便秘constipationn呃逆hiccupn遗尿enuresisn黄疸jaundicen白喉diphtherian癃闭retenti
31、onofurinen经闭amenorrhean纳呆indigestion治疗方法治疗方法n放血bloodlettingn驱虫anthelmintictreatmentn正骨reductionn止血hemostasis,hemostasian止痛analgesian止泻antidiarrhean按摩疗法massotherapy2.直译法直译法n基础理论:n阴中之阴yinwithinyinn阳中之阳yangwithinyangn母子关系mother-childrelationn木生火 woodgeneratingfiren金克木 metalrestrictingwoodn抑木扶土inhibitin
32、gwoodtostrengthenearthnn生理:生理:n通调水道regulationofthewaterpathwayn脾主运化Thespleencontrolstransportationandtransformation.n肝藏血 Theliverstoresblood.n肾藏精 Thekidneystoresessence.n藏而不泻storagewithoutexcretionn泻而不藏excretionwithoutstoragen病理:病理:n阴阳失调imbalancebetweenyinandyangn热入心包invasionofheatintothepericardium
33、n脾失健运failureofthespleentotransportnormallyn肝不藏血failureofthelivertostorebloodn胃失和降failureofthestomachqitodescendn气虚不孕sterilityduetoqiasthenian风热腰痛lumbagoduetowind-heatn肾阳不足insufficiencyofkidneyyang3.意译法意译法n白虎历节whitetigerjointrunningn牛皮癣 oxhidelichenn鹤膝风 craneskneewindn天行赤眼heaven-currentredeyen天柱骨 cel
34、estialpillarn“天柱骨”就是指的“颈椎骨”,译作celestialpillar就不知所云了。中医上讲的“天柱骨折”和“天柱骨倒”实际上就是指的“颈椎骨折”(fractureofcervicalvertebra)和“项软”(flaccidityofneck)。n中医上讲的“天行”就是“流行性”(epidemic)的意思。翻译成英语时,“天行”有时也可不必译出,因为英语中相应的术语本身就含有这曾意思。例如“天行发斑疮”、“天行瘟疫”译成英语就是smallpox,pestilence。4.音译音译n玄奘(602-664A.D.)在翻译佛经时就提出了“五种不翻”的观点。翻译名义集序中称这五
35、种是:n秘密故,如陀罗尼(真言、咒语);n含多义故,若薄伽梵具六义(自在、炽盛、端言、名称、吉祥、尊贵);n此无故,如阎浮(胜金)树,中夏实无此木;n顺古故,如阿耨菩提(正偏知)。皆掩而不翻。5.音意结合音意结合n元气primordialqin正气healthyqin真气genuineqin宗气pectoralqin中气middleqin营气nutrientqin卫气defenseqin肾气kidneyqi国家标准国家标准 与国际标准与国际标准 中中 医医 基基 础础 理理 论论 术术 语语Basic theory nomenclature of traditional Chinese med
36、icinen发布:国家标准化国家标准化管理委员会管理委员会n本标准由国家中医药管理局提出并归口。n本标准起草单位:辽宁中医学院。n本标准起草技术负责人:李德新。n本标准界定了中医基础理论中阴阳、五行、脏象、气血精津液、经络、体质、病因、病机、养生、预防、治则、五运六气等的术语。PrinciplesforEnglishexpressionselectionn1.AccuratereflectionoftheoriginalconceptofChineseterms.n2.NocreationofnewEnglishwords.n3.Avoidanceofpinyin(RomanizedChine
37、se)use.n4.ConsistencywithWHOsStandardAcupunctureNomenclature.国标国标n中医基础理论fundamentaltheoryofTCMn整体观念nconceptofholismn天人相应correspondencebetweenhumanandenvironment西太区西太区n基础理论nBasictheoryn整体观念nholismn天人相应ncorrespondencebetweennatureandhuman国标国标n辨证论治ntreatmentuponsyndromedifferentiationn证候nclinicalmanife
38、stationn理法方药ntheory,principle,prescriptionandmedicinal西太区西太区n辨证论治npatternidentification/syndromedifferentiationandtreatmentn精气学说nessentialqitheory国标国标n阴阳学说nyin-yangtheoryn阴阳对立noppositionbetweenyinandyangn阴阳互根ninterdependenceofyinandyang西太区西太区n阴阳学说nyin-yangtheoryn阴阳对立noppositionofyinandyangn阴阳互根nmutu
39、alrootingofyinandyang国标国标n阴阳消长nwaxing-waningbetweenyinandyangn阴阳平衡nequilibriumbetweenyinandyangn阴阳自和nnaturalharmonyofyin-yang西太区西太区n阴阳消长nwaxingandwaningofyinandyangn阴阳平衡nyin-yangbalancen阴阳调和nyin-yangharmony国标国标n阴阳转化ninter-transformationofyinandyangn阴盛格阳阴极似阳exuberantyinrepellingyangn亡阳阳脱nyangprostrat
40、ion西太区西太区n阴阳转化nyin-yangconversionn阴极似阳nextremeyinresemblingyangn阳;脱阳;阳脱nyangcollapse亡国标国标n阴阳离决nseparationbetweenyinandyangn阴竭阳脱nyinexhaustionandyangcollapsen阴阳两虚ndeficiencyofbothyinandyang西太区西太区n阴阳离决ndissociationofyinandyangn阴竭阳脱nexhaustionofyinandcollapseofyangn阴阳两虚ndualdeficiencyofyinandyang国标国标n阴
41、平阳秘nsoundyinandfirmyangn阴中之阴nyinwithinyinn阴阳交感ninteractionofyinandyang西太区西太区n阳盛阴衰nyangexuberancewithyindebilitationn阴中之阴yinwithinyin国标国标n五行nfiveelementsn五行学说nfive-elementtheoryn相生ngenerationn相克nrestriction西太区西太区n五行nfivephasesn五行学说nfivephasetheoryn相生nengenderingn相克nRestrain国标国标n相乘nover-restrictionn相侮
42、ncounter-restrictionn亢害承制nharmfulhyperactivitycheckedforharmony西太区西太区n相乘nOverwhelmn相侮nRebellionn亢害承制nharmfulhyperactivityandrespondinginhibition国标国标n母气nmotherelementqin子气nchildelementqin制化nrestrictionandgeneration西太区西太区n母气nmotherqin子气nchildqn制化ninhibitionandgeneration国标国标n精nessencesemen西太区西太区n精nEsse
43、nce((1)thefundamentalsubstancethatbuildsupthephysicalstructureandmaintainsbodyfunction;(2)reproductiveessencestoredinthekidney)国标国标n先天之精ninnateessencen后天之精nacquiredessencen精气nessentialqi西太区西太区n先天之精ninnateessencen后天之精nacquiredessencen精气nessentialqi国标国标n先天之气ninnateqin后天之气nacquiredqin元气原气noriginalqin正气
44、nhealthyqi西太区西太区n先天之气ninnateqin后天之气nacquiredqin原气;元气nsourceqin正气nhealthyqi国标国标n真气ngenuineqin宗气npectoralqin中气nmiddleqi西太区西太区n眞气ngenuineqin宗气nancestralqin脏气nvisceralqin中气nmiddleqin国标国标n卫气ndefenseqin营气nnutrientqin气机nqimovementn气化nqitransformation西太区西太区n卫气ndefenseqin营气nnutrientqin气机nqimovementn气化nqitran
45、sformation国标国标n君火nmonarchicfiren相火nministerialfiren少火nmoderatefire西太区西太区n君火nsovereignfiren相火nministerialfiren先天之火ninnatefirefromthelifegate国标国标n脏象nvisceralmanifestationn脏象学说ntheoryofvisceralmanifestationn脏nzangviscusn腑nfuviscus西太区西太区n脏象nvisceralmanifestationn脏象学说nvisceralmanifestationtheoryn脏nviscus
46、n腑nbowel国标国标n五脏nfivezangvisceran六腑nsixfuvisceran三焦ntripleenergizern奇恒之腑nextraordinaryfuviscera西太区西太区n五脏nfivevisceran六腑nsixbowelsn三焦ntripleenergizersn奇恒之腑nextraordinaryorgans国标国标n元神之府nhouseoforiginalmentalityn疏泄nfreeflowandriseofqin刚脏nfirm-characterizedzangviscus西太区西太区n元神之府nhouseoftheoriginalspiritn疏
47、泄nfreecoursingn刚脏nunyieldingviscus国标国标n娇脏ndelicatezangviscusn宣发ndispersionandascentn肃降npurificationanddescent西太区西太区n娇脏ndelicateviscusn宣发ndiffusionn肃降npurificationanddown-sending国标国标n经络nmeridianandcollateraln经脉nMeridiann手太阴肺经nlungmeridianofhandtaiyinn奇经八脉neightextrameridians西太区西太区n经络nmeridianandcolla
48、teraln经脉nmeridianvesseln手太阴肺经nlungmeridian(lU)n奇经八脉neightextrameridians国标国标n督脉governorvesseln任脉conceptionvesseln冲脉thoroughfarevesseln带脉beltvesseln阴维脉yinlinkvesseln阳维脉yanglinkvesseln阴跷脉yinheelvesseln阳跷脉yangheelvessel西太区西太区n督脉governorvesseln任脉conceptionvesseln冲脉thoroughfarevesseln带脉beltvesseln阴维脉yinli
49、nkvesseln阳维脉yanglinkvesseln阴跷脉yinheelvesseln阳跷脉yangheelvessel国标国标n三因threecategoriesofdiseasecausen内因endogenouscausen外因exogenouscausen不内外因non-endo-exogenouscausen病机pathogenesis西太区西太区n三因threecausesn内因internalcausen外因externalcausen不内外因ncauseneitherinternalnorexternaln病机mechanismofdisease国标国标n虚实错杂虚实夹杂ndeficiencyandexcessincomplexityn虚中夹实deficiencycomplicatedbyexcessn真虚假实truedeficiencywithfalseexcessn气阴两虚deficiencyofbothqiandyin西太区西太区n虚实夹杂ndeficiency-excesscomplexn虚中夹实deficiencywithexcesscomplicationn真虚假实truedeficiencywithfalseexcessn气阴两虚谢谢谢谢
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