二语习得(L8).ppt

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1、Lesson Eight The universal Hypothesis and Second Language AcquisitionThe universal Hypothesis and Second Language AcquisitionlTasks 1 writing a paper on the topic A comparison between marked rules and unmarked rules Learner processesThe universal Hypothesis and Second Language AcquisitionThe univers

2、al Hypothesis and Second Language AcquisitionlWhat is the universal Hypothesis?lThe universal hypothesis states that language acquisition is governed by the way in which natural language are organized.That is,certain universal linguistic properties influence the order in which the rules of a specifi

3、c language are acquired.According to the universal hypothesis,then,it is linguistic rather than general cognitive factors that determine acquisition.lTwo approaches of learner processing inputl1.Using general cognitive strategies which are part of their procedural knowledge and which are used in oth

4、er forms of learning.These strategies are often referred to as learner strategies.l2.Using a special linguistic faculty that enables them to operate on the input data in order to discover the L2 rules in maximally efficient ways.lThis linguistic faculty is referred to as Universal Grammar.(P13)lThe

5、purpose of this chapter.lThe importance of study of linguistic universals.lThe contents of this chapterThe contents of this chapterlUniversal Grammar typological universalslThe role of universals in L1 acquisitionlThe role of linguistic universals in SLAl effect on grammar formationl effect on L1 tr

6、ansferlThe problems of the Universal Hypothesis l typological universalsl 语言类型普遍性“E-方法”（Externalized）Linguistic universals 语言普遍性l universal Grammarl 普遍语法 “I-方法”（Internalized）lDefinition of UGlWhy are these properties inherent in the human mind?lWhat exactly are the general principles that apply to a

7、ll language?Universal grammarlChomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device(LAD).This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar.These general principles can be applied to all the languages in the world.Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基）lThe year 1957 saw the

8、publication of Noam Chomskys book Syntactic Structures,which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a new school-the transformational generative linguisticslCook(1985)summarizing the Chomskyan position,defines universal grammar as the properties inherent in the human mind.Univer

9、sal grammar consists of a set of general principles that apply to all language rather than a set of particular rules.Why are these properties inherent in the human mind?Why are these properties inherent in the human mind?l The poverty of the stimulusl 正面数据”(positive evidence)lInput insufficient匮乏l 负

10、面数据(negative evidence)What exactly are the general principles that apply to all language?What exactly are the general principles that apply to all language?l substantive universalsl 内容普遍现象lUniversal Grammarl formal universalsl 形式普遍现象lUniversal Grammar consists of principles and parameters,which are

11、described by means of highly abstract statements relating to general properties of language.(1994:416)lPrinciples refers to highly abstract properties of grammar which apply to language in general and which,therefore,underlie the grammatical rules of all specific languages.lThe term parameters refer

12、s to principles that vary in certain restricted ways from one language to another.That is,they take the form of a finite set of options which individual languages draw on and which define the variation possible between language.lAn example of a priciple:subjcency(邻接)lThis defines the restrictions th

13、at govern how far one phrase can be moved from deep to surface structure.l1.What did Randy think?l2.What did Randy think his brother had won?l3.*What did Randy wonder whether his brother would win?lAn example of parameter:pro-droplLanguage vary according to whether they forbid the deletion of subjec

14、t pronouns.English,for example,does not normally delete pronouns:l*Is the President of United States.lSpanish,on the other hand,permits null pronoun subjects.lUg also provides a basis for determining markedness.The degree of markedness depends on whether a feature is part of the core or the peripher

15、y.lCore grammar:unmarked,that is,they accord with the general tendencies of language.lPeriphery rules:marked,that is they are exceptional in some way)l core rules(UG)are unmarkedlMarkedness l periphery rules are marked Typological universalslDefinition:lTypological universals are identified by exami

16、ng a representative sample of natural languages in order to identify features that are common to all or most of these languages.Typological universals can consist of absolutes(which occur in all languages)or tendencies(which occur in a large number of languages)l absoluteslUniversalsl tendencies l s

17、ubstantivelUniversals formall clusterl implicationall hierarchyl Substantive:fixed features such as the distinctive phonetic features of which sounds are made,or syntactic categories such as noun,verb,and object.l Formal:statements about what grammatical rules are possible.l Implicational:relate the

18、 presence of one linguistic feature to the presence of other linguistic lFeatures.Thus,if feature x is present in a given language,it can be assumed that feature y,z n are also present.An example of hierarchy imlicational universalslOrder of pronoun fuctions in relative cluses:lSU DO IO OBL GEN O CO

19、MPlSymbol Relative pronoun Examplel function lSU Subject The man that kicked the doglDO Direct object The tree that the man cut downlIO Indirect object The man that she cooked cake forlOBL Oblique The house that she lives inlGEN Genitive The dog whose owner has diedlO COMP Object of The man that I a

20、m richer thanl comparativeThe role of universals in L1 acquisitionThe role of universals in L1 acquisitionl1.Grammar construction is constrained by the operation of Universal Grammar,which regulates the options the child has to choose from.That is,hypothesis formation is constrained by innate princi

21、ples.l2.Regularities in the order of development can be explained only by considering both Universal Grammar and channel capacity.A distinction can be made between development(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar)l3.Universal grammr may unfold as

22、 a maturational schedule,as suggested by Felix(1984),or it may be activated piecemeal in accordance with the data that the child perceive at different developmental stages,as suggested by White(1981).l4.The child is likely to learn unmarked rules before marked rules;he constructs a core grammar befo

23、re a peripheral grammar.l5.The child possesses a projective capacity.This enables one rule to trigger off other rules with which it is implicationally linked,and also enables rules to be acquired when no direct evidence for them has been supplied by the input.l1.Grammar construction is constrained b

24、y the operation of Universal Grammar,which regulates the options the child has to choose from.That is,hypothesis formation is constrained by innate principles.lUnniversal Grammar is the solution to what is called the logical problem of language acquisition.lCook(1985)no negative feedback.(P197)l2.Re

25、gularities in the order of development can be explained only by considering both Universal Grammar and channel capacity.A distinction can be made between development(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar)lChannel capacitylChannel capacity refers t

26、o the language learners ability to process utterance.Processing language in both comprehension and production involves more than just knowing the rules of the language.It also involves being able to recover the rules from memory and to use them easily and spontaneously.Learners in the early stages o

27、f development are likely to experience difficulty in accessing and using their knowledges,with the result that they have limited channel capacity.ldevelopment(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar)lChomsky makes a distinction between development a

28、nd acquisition.The former is real time learning that is affected by language processing abilities,while the latter is pure learning that is dependent entirely on the learners acquistion device.Thus development is a reflection of both general cognitive abilities and the acquisition device.l3.Universa

29、l grammr may unfold as a maturational schedule,as suggested by Felix(1984),or it may be activated piecemeal in accordance with the data that the child perceive at different developmental stages,as suggested by White(1981).lFelix proposes that the principles of Universal Grammar are themselves subjec

30、t to an innately specified developmental process.That is,the principles of Universal Grammar gradually unfold over time in much the same way as teeth grow.l4.The child is likely to learn unmarked rules before marked rules;he constructs a core grammar before a peripheral grammar.lMinimal Distance pri

31、nciple.This states that the subject of an infinitival complement will be that noun phrase to the immediate left of the infinitive.l5.John told Bill to leave.l6.John promised Bill to leave.l7.John asked Bill to leave.l8.John asked Bill what to do.l5.The child possesses a projective capacity.This enab

32、les one rule to trigger off other rules with which it is implicationally linked,and also enables rules to be acquired when no direct evidence for them has been supplied by the input.lProjection devicelZobl(1984)has suggested that one component of the acquisition device is projection device.This acts

33、 as a trigger,enabling the learner to acquire any rule or rules that are implicated by the prior acquisitionLinguistic universals and SLALinguistic universals and SLAlLinguistic universals in interlanguage developmentlAll these studies show that language universals may influence how L2 grammars are

34、formed.There is evidence to show that universals place constraints on interlanguage,that acquisition may follow the hierarchical ordering of features,and that unmarked or less marked features are acquired before marked or more marked features.l1.Acquisition minus maturationl2.Chnnel capacity still s

35、eems to play a part in some aspects of SLAl3.Hypothesis testing in SLA is acceptable only in the sense that the learner uses positive evidence to fix the parameters set by Universal Grammar.l4.Interlanguages obey universal constraints and that more marked patterns are harder to acquire than less mar

36、ked ones.Eg.P203l5.The implicational ordering of rules predicts accuracy order of ITL eg,for relative pronoun functions.l6.Markedness effect in the acquisition of L2 semantics.lLinguistic universals and L1 transferlThe transfer of L1 unmarked formslThe non-transfer of L1 marked formslThe transfer of

37、 L1 unmarked formslUnmarked setting of parameters will occur in interlanguage before marked settings,even if the L2 provides evidence of a marked setting.lTable 8.3(206)lThe non-transfer of L1 marked formsl*How many do you want oranges?lHow many oranges do you want?lWidely held views on linguistic u

38、niversals and L1 transfer:l1.Learners transfer unmarked L1 forms when the corresponding L2 forms are more marked.l2.The effect of the L1 will be observed more strongly where peripheral rules in the L2 are concerned.l3.In general,marked forms are not transferred into interlanguage,particularly when t

39、he L1 possesses both marked and unmarked constructions.l4.Marked forms may be transferred in the early stages of SLA.l5.An L1 pattern that corresponds to an interlanguage universal can accelerate or delay SLA,depending on whether the correspondence is with an early-or late-occurring developmental pa

40、ttern.The effect of Universal Hypothesis on SLAlThe Universal hypothesis states that there are linguistic universals which determine the curse of SLA as follows:l1.Linguistic universals impose constraints on the form that interlanguages can take.l2.Learners find it easier to acquire patterns that co

41、nform to linguistic universals than those that do not.The linguistic markedness of L2 rules explains the developmental route.l3.Where the L1 manifests linguistic universals,it is likely to assist interlanguage development through transfer.The problems of the Universal HypothesisThe problems of the U

42、niversal HypothesislP210P212l1.Universal Grammar divorces language from its primary function as communication.l2.It is not clear how development and acquisition can be separated.There seems no obvious reason for preferring to look at acquisition rather than development.l3.The claim of the poverty of the stimulus has been shown to be empirically unfounded.l4.Kellerman refers to the cavalier attitude to markedness.l5.Methodology problem.Describing and explaining competence vs examining performance.