定语从句专项讲义--高中英语牛津译林版（2020）必修第一册.docx

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1、定语从句1一、基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分

2、不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about h

3、istory.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is re

4、spected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled a

5、t last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 that。 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰

6、时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, much, little, so

7、mething, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was st

8、olen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它情况 先行词既

9、有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）与whose有关的问题 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人

10、也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the r

11、oof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省

12、略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如： 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/t

13、hat) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer

14、 a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词

15、最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man tha

16、t I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the person to whom the teacher

17、 is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 定语从句（二）一、“介词+关系代词”结构1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词 E.g. there is no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends.2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。 e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.3. that前不能有介词。4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结

18、构可以跟关系副词when 和where why互换。e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when

19、 we met there.可用on which代替where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which代替why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which代替（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1. when 在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。 e.g. April th

20、e first is the day when people make fun of others. =April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where 在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. =This is the house in which he lived two years ago.3. why why在定语从句中作

21、原因状语。可用for which代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。 e.g. This is the reason why he went away. =This is the reason for which he went away.（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you f

22、or the first time. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago. We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he work

23、s. 这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子： This is the factory that/which produces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：The facto

24、ry produces radios. 而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：Radios are produced in the factory. Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?Do you remember the days when we worked together?第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together. 而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days. （四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1. I

25、 dont like the way in which he look at people. 当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown. 当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。又如： It was the firs

26、t time (that) we had stayed up so late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.三、关系副词的省略：1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. By the

27、time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。 e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。 e.g. I know the

28、way (that) he learns English.四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法： 1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 判断下列句子的对错 （） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （） This is the mountain village (which) I visited la

29、st year. （） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也就能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition w

30、as held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in

31、the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。练习篇(基础篇)1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B. / C. that D. when 2. The doctor is leaving fo

32、r Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who4. Have you read the book I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whos

33、e5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom6. Recently I bought a second-hand car was very low.A. which price B. the price of whoseC. its price D. whose price7. Lily, is Helen _ you want to introduce me to?A. th

34、at B. who C. whom D. the girl8. The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers _ they had seen.A. that B. who C. which D. what9. This is the only bus _ goes to the village school.A. / B. that C. where D. it10. Is there a shop around _sells China Daily?A. who B

35、. where C. in which D. which11. She was the only one of the girls in our class _ accepted as candidate for the president of our Students Union.A. who was B. who were C. who has been D. who have been12. She is no longer the sweet little girl _ she used to be.A. what B. who C. when D. that13. Is this

36、singer _ songs you like best?A. whos B. whose C. which D the one whose14. He got angry with _ was against his opinion.A. who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who15. Anyone _with what I said may raise your hand.A. which agreesB. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree16. Thats the dog _.A. weve bee

37、n looking after B. after which weve been lookingC. what weve been looking after D. weve been taking care for17. This is the last time _ Ill give you a lesson.A. when B. that C. what D. as18. The family _ I stayed with in Paris are coming to London.A. whose B. which C. what D. whom19. This is the ver

38、y knife _ I used to cut apples yesterday.A. that B. by which C. which D. with which20. China has many rivers, _ the Yangtze River is the longest.A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which21. The use they are _ the waste helps to save a lot of money.A. made ofB. made fromC. making up ofD. ma

39、king of22. That tree, the branches _ are almost bare, is a very old one.A. whose B. in which C. of which D. of it23. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. thatB. who C. from whom D. to whom24. What is the way Smith thought of _ enough money to buy the new hous

40、e?A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get25. Jack spent as much time as he could _ over his lessons.A. going B. went C. go D. to go 26. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. when D. of which27. I am impressed by the fact that he makes good

41、use of every minute _ he can spare. A. that B. in which C. in that D. when28. This is the last time _ I will write to you. A. when B. that C. what D. as29. I dont like the way _ he spoke to me. A. what B. by which C. by that D. /30. The train _ he was traveling was delayed for more than an hour. A.

42、by which B. on which C. for which D. on that31. Do you know the reason Tom didnt come yesterday?A. which B. why C. who D. that32. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when33. Is this the reason she gave for not finis

43、hing her homework yesterday?A. why B. for which C. that D. to which34. After the war, a new school was put up _ there had once been a theatre.A. that B. which C. when D. where35. Do you know the reason _ she got so angry yesterday?A. why B. that C. which D. whom36. Do you believe the reason _ he gav

44、e for his being late?A. why B. for which C. which D. it37. He has got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. when38. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A. which B. / C. of which D. by which39. The old man told us _ the days _ he was poor were gone.A. that, when B