脊髓灰质炎的诊断和鉴别课件-Poliomyelitis复习进程.ppt
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1、脊髓灰质炎的诊断和鉴别课件-Poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎脊髓灰质炎是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的急性传染病。起的急性传染病。90%90%发生在岁以下发生在岁以下儿童儿童(Poliomyelitis is an acute(Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease caused by infectious disease caused by polioviruses infection.90%of polioviruses infection.90%of patients occurs before 5 patients oc
2、curs before 5 years old).years old).概述概述(overview)概述概述(overview)n病变主要在脊髓灰质,表现为病变主要在脊髓灰质,表现为弛缓性肌肉麻痹弛缓性肌肉麻痹,可留下瘫痪后遗症可留下瘫痪后遗症(The pathologic(The pathologic lesions of poliomyelitis occurs lesions of poliomyelitis occurs chiefly in the gray matter of chiefly in the gray matter of spinal cord.The main cl
3、inical spinal cord.The main clinical feature is flaccid paralysis.feature is flaccid paralysis.Sequelae of paralysis may be left Sequelae of paralysis may be left over)over)。AFPAFP(acute flaccid paralysisacute flaccid paralysis)急性弛缓性麻痹急性弛缓性麻痹AFP定义定义:指临床表现为急性起病,以肢指临床表现为急性起病,以肢体运动障碍为主,并伴有肌肉弛缓性麻体运动障碍为主
4、,并伴有肌肉弛缓性麻痹(软瘫)的一组疾病。痹(软瘫)的一组疾病。AFPAFP病例病例:任何任何1515岁以下出现急性软瘫的儿岁以下出现急性软瘫的儿童。童。概述概述(overview)脊髓灰质炎病毒脊髓灰质炎病毒属肠道病毒(Poliovirus is an enterovirus,Poliovirus is an enterovirus,a small RNA virus that affects a small RNA virus that affects the central nervous system.)the central nervous system.)病因病因(ETIOLOGY
5、)病因病因(ETIOLOGY)按抗原性分按抗原性分、型,各型间很少型,各型间很少交叉免疫,以交叉免疫,以型病毒最易致瘫型病毒最易致瘫(There are three antigenically There are three antigenically distinct serotypes of poliovirus,distinct serotypes of poliovirus,type 1,2,and 3,less cross-type 1,2,and 3,less cross-immunization.Most paralytic immunization.Most paralytic
6、 disease is caused by type 1.).disease is caused by type 1.).发病机制发病机制(PATHOGENESIS)病毒病毒 口或上呼吸道口或上呼吸道 肠道粘膜上皮细胞肠道粘膜上皮细胞 局部淋巴组织局部淋巴组织咽分泌物及粪便排病毒咽分泌物及粪便排病毒免疫力强免疫力强隐性感染隐性感染covert infectioncovert infection 血液:第一次病毒血症血液:第一次病毒血症 潜伏期潜伏期病毒增殖病毒增殖全身淋巴组织中全身淋巴组织中血液:第二次病毒血症血液:第二次病毒血症 前驱期前驱期 病毒病毒 毒力毒力 多强多强血脑屏障血脑屏障CN
7、SCNS 瘫痪前期瘫痪前期 NCNC受损轻受损轻 NCNC受损重受损重 无瘫痪型无瘫痪型 瘫痪型瘫痪型瘫痪期瘫痪期(nonparalytic type)(paralytic type)顿挫型顿挫型abortive type病理病理(pathology)n病变主要在中枢神经系统,以脊髓受累最多见,病变主要在中枢神经系统,以脊髓受累最多见,并以颈段与腰段脊髓前角运动细胞受损最严重。并以颈段与腰段脊髓前角运动细胞受损最严重。其次是脑干及中枢神经系统其他部位。其次是脑干及中枢神经系统其他部位。(Lesions occur chiefly in central nervous system,partic
8、ularly in spinal cord,where destruction of anterior horn motor cells of cervical and waist segments is most serious,in the next place,in brainstem and the rest part of central nervous system).一般一般5 51414天天,可可3-35 3-35 天天(It usually lasts 5-14(It usually lasts 5-14 days,range:3-35 days)days,range:3-3
9、5 days)无临床表现(no symptom)(no symptom)潜伏期潜伏期(incubation stage)临床表现临床表现前驱期前驱期(prodromal stage)多持续多持续1 14 4天天(usually lasts 1-4 days)(usually lasts 1-4 days)病毒血症的症状病毒血症的症状(fever,asthenia,malaise and so on)(fever,asthenia,malaise and so on)上呼吸道症状上呼吸道症状(cough,rhinorrhea,sore(cough,rhinorrhea,sore throat a
10、nd so on)throat and so on)临床表现临床表现前驱期前驱期(prodromal stage)消化道症状消化道症状(anorexia,nausea,vomiting,(anorexia,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,constipation and diarrhea,constipation and so on)so on)若经若经1 14 4天后热退,症状消失,天后热退,症状消失,疾病终止称顿挫型。疾病终止称顿挫型。临床表现临床表现 双峰热双峰热(double peaked fever)(double peaked fever)中枢神经系统感染的表现中
11、枢神经系统感染的表现(symptoms of central nervous (symptoms of central nervous system infection:severe system infection:severe headache,vomiting,the headache,vomiting,the presence of signs of presence of signs of meningeal irritationmeningeal irritation)临床表现临床表现瘫痪前期瘫痪前期(preparalytic stage)瘫痪前期瘫痪前期(preparalytic
12、 stage)感觉过敏,颈、背、四肢肌肉强直疼痛感觉过敏,颈、背、四肢肌肉强直疼痛(hyperesthesia,soreness and stiffness(hyperesthesia,soreness and stiffness of the posterior muscles of the of the posterior muscles of the neck,trunk,and limbs)neck,trunk,and limbs)三角架征三角架征(tripod signtripod sign)吻膝试验阳性吻膝试验阳性(kiss-the knee test)(kiss-the knee
13、 test)头下垂征头下垂征(head drop signhead drop sign)自主神经功能紊乱自主神经功能紊乱(dysfunction of autonomic(dysfunction of autonomic nerve)nerve)临床表现临床表现 根据病变部位,可分型:根据病变部位,可分型:脊髓型脊髓型(spinal form)(spinal form)延髓型延髓型(bulbar form)(bulbar form)脑脑 型型(encephalitic form)(encephalitic form)混合型混合型(mixed form)(mixed form)临床表现临床表现瘫
14、痪期瘫痪期(paralytic stage)最常见最常见弛缓性瘫痪弛缓性瘫痪(flaccid paralysis):(flaccid paralysis):不对称,肌张力减退,腱反射消失,不对称,肌张力减退,腱反射消失,(asymmetric,hypomyotonia,(asymmetric,hypomyotonia,disappearance of tendon disappearance of tendon reflexes)reflexes)脊髓型脊髓型(spinal form)临床表现临床表现脊髓型脊髓型(spinal form)n近端肌群瘫痪较远端出现得早且重,下肢受累最常近端肌群瘫
15、痪较远端出现得早且重,下肢受累最常见,大肌群较小肌群更易受累,常无感觉障碍见,大肌群较小肌群更易受累,常无感觉障碍(Proximal muscle of the extremities Proximal muscle of the extremities tend to be more involved than distal,tend to be more involved than distal,the legs are more commonly involved the legs are more commonly involved than the arms,and the larg
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