陈娅娟开题报告.doc

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1、 毕业设计(论文)开题报告 学生姓名： 陈 娅 娟 学 号： 学院：涉外学院 专 业： 英语 设计(论文)题目：The Stylistic Characteristics of Business English Contract 商务英语合同的文体特征 指导教师： 邹 琼 教 授 2008年12月27日开题报告填写要求1开题报告（含“文献综述”）作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效；2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务

2、处网页上下载）打印，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；3“文献综述”应按论文的格式成文，并直接书写（或打印）在本开题报告第一栏目内，学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇；4有关年月日等日期，按照如“2002年4月26日”方式填写。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写1500字左右的文献综述（包括研究进展，选题依据、目的、意义）Literature Review 1 : Research Status quo1.1 : status quoContracts referred to in this la

3、w are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations. With the development of economic globalization and Chinas opening to the outside world, contracts are showing more and more importance

4、. Especially after entering the world trade organization officially in 2001, Cchinas international imports and exports trade has been soaring dramatically as well as gained rapid developments. Moreover, in the light of the world previous statistics, there are 1.6 billion people taking English as the

5、ir mother tongue across the globe, meanwhile, among those who take English as the second language or as a foreign language , almost 90% of them are using business English to contact with the outside world each day. It is apparent to see that the application of business English is obtaining enormous

6、popularity and becoming widely extensive. Accordingly, business English contract is becoming an essential necessity and bearing great significance during the international business negotiation and communication. Style is divided by American linguist Martin Joos into five kinds of deviation: the froz

7、en style, the formal style, the consultative style, the casual style and the intimate style. The five kinds of deviation show the five steps of the formal degree in discourse. The style of business Contract Contract English(?) can be considered as the first one, which is the frozen style. Business c

8、ontract English(? or business English contract? Should be the later. ) contract possesses its unique stylistic characteristics in vocabulary, syntax and discourse. In language communication, people not only use proper and correct grammar but also understand the feature and difference of style. Accor

9、ding to the diversities of the mode, the occasion, the object and the purpose, people should use words properly. Liuxxing quoted in the “Analysis of language standardization in business contract”(英语书名不用引号，只用斜体表示): : “English for business contracts is a quasi-ELL (English language of law) having accu

10、rate, formal, and precise words with stylistic meaning.” Business contract belongs to a type of legal document, and business English contract is the kind of legal document which is dealt with on the basis of the English language. Business English contract is being applied into a variety of economic

11、fields. In general, the language for business English contract is different from that for basic English or literature. Zhang lligui（查论文格式要求，看汉语拼音的人名有什么要求。） wrote in “the vocabulary features and translation in the foreign contract English”(书名？): Oonce the foreign business contract has established leg

12、ally, it takes on force adeffect. The two parties shall implement their obligations strictly by following the clauses of the contract under no conditions. Otherwise, there are consequences to assume for whoever breaches the contract.The booming of the international business over the past years has a

13、ttached greater importance on business English contract during the international business activities. China is getting contact with the outside world more frequently, whilst more and more business dissensions have come into being and are as well on the rise. Furthermore, a large amount of these kind

14、s of dissensions are caused mostly due to the impropriety improper language use in the contracts. A good case in point is that the contract doest not stipulate the rights and duties for both two parties legibly, or the improper use of dictions, the ambiguity of words and the informal and superficial

15、 discourse arrangements. Any negligence involved would give rise to the escape of responsibilities and obligations for either side of the contract, as a result of leading to contract dissensions. Forasmuch, it is of vital significance for people, who deal with the international negotiations, interna

16、tional corporation management and international translation or interpretation, to have a good command of related professional knowledge about business English contract English（？）. For drawing out and better understanding a business English contract, the key point is to follow its stylistic features

17、no matter in dictions, structures or formats and to grasp the particularity of the contract language.1.2 : Insufficiency of the ResearchTo draft an international business English contract, it is not only crucial to put the emphasis on the correct application in diction, syntax and discourse, but as

18、well essential to fully comprehend the different cultural values and practices. Each country is in possession of its unique and special culture. People from the east and west respectively inherit different philosophies, cultural traditions. Additionally, the differentiations in nations, geography, h

19、istory, and folk customs give rise to the inevitable existence of cultural discrepancies. To be well known about different cultures of different countries and keeping a sober mind in face of the current melted culture, is fatal to avoid unnecessary contract dissensions when undertaking business Engl

20、ish contracts. Moreover, recent research has proposed contract languages allowing the specification of obligations, permissions and prohibitions in business contracts. Business processes that cross-organizational boundaries can be specified in choreography and coordination languages but these do not

21、 provide appropriate abstractions for contract constraints.It is concluded that cross-organizational business processes can be monitored and enforced according to business contract specifications through the transformation of a contract definition to constraints on process behavior. Thus, the contin

22、ual research of the specification of obligations, permissions and prohibitions in business English contracts is equally attracting the attention.2 : Theoretical Bases.Theoretical bases of this proposal this （是谈你自己这篇论文的理论基础吗？不对呀！文献综述应该是总结别人的一些相关研究。所以，这里的理论基础也是别人在做研究时所依据的有关理论。） heating discussed subje

23、ct are tremendously abundant for the sake of the hard work from many professional linguists. In the “Analysis of language standardization in business contract”, Liu xing concludes the language features in business contracts from the following aspects: technical language, archaic word, using synonym

24、together, as well as model verb “shall” and words of time. Mo zaishu discusses in his “the stylistic characteristic of English for business contracts,” the stylistic characteristics from the perspectives of vocabulary, grammar and structure based upon the analysis of typical examples. To commence wi

25、th,（？） in the lexical level, he points out the importance of using technical terms, literary words or learned words, archaism, loanwords, and juxtapositions. Moreover, in the syntactical level, he indicates the characteristics as follows: using more narrative and long sentences, using periodic sente

26、nces and loose sentences together, properly handling passive and active voice, generally adopting the present tense, the model verb “shall”, the nominalization and frequent repetition of the use of nouns while less substitution with pronouns . Finally, he sums up that the parallel structures are fre

27、quently used in business contracts. 3 : Research ObjectiveThe chief objectives of this research so far（要谈别人的噢！） can be analyzed as follows:First, as globalization and integration is deepening throughout the world, the international trades among various different countries subsequently ascend with a

28、drastic pace. A contract is acting as a tool to assist the two parties to come to an agreement. Thus, the supreme pursuit of this research is to recognize the business English contract in a better understanding so as to improve and promote the application of business English contracts under the inte

29、rnational background as well as to boost the co-prosperity of the globe.Second, to achieve the preciseness and strictness in all levels of business English contracts language, like in lexical or in syntactical, in order to decrease and avoid business dissensions aroused through any paronomasia, it t

30、akes on magnificent indispensability to study the stylistic characteristics and the language standardization in the business English contract.Third, to acquire a deeper comprehension of distinct cultures across the world and cognize the disparities of laws between east and west, is an equally import

31、ant aim while digging the stylistic features rafting of a business English contract.（标题3下的内容不对。）4 : SignificanceThe efforts our ancestors have dedicated into tThis research illustrates the bears grand significance of this task.On the one hand, it can immensely prompt the international imports and ex

32、ports and widely enhance the global economy since business English contract is being more frequently used in the international business circle. On the other, as Cchina is strengthening the opening-up and embracing the world economy, global business is brought into our country in a higher frequency.

33、English is a foreign language for Chinese people. Therefore, it is of global significance to gain a better and more comprehensive cognition of this subject so thatin order to help Cchina cope with the international business more smoothly and obtain development worldwide without any misunderstandings

34、 in aspects like improper language use, culture conflicts or law differences. To sum up, business English contracts play a central role in governing commercial interactions between organizations. It is increasingly recognized that business contract conditions need to be closely linked to internal an

35、d external business processes, both to reduce the risk of contract violations and to ensure compliance with legislative regimes.(标题4下的内容也不对。你都是在谈你自己的论文。要知道，你这是文献综述。要总结别人的研究成果才对。) 毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）：Issues & Measures to be TakenIssues to be studied are represented as below:

36、To distinguish the concept of contract, English contract, and business English contract, and find out the differentiations and relations among the three.Further study and demonstrate the unique stylistic characteristics of business English contracts with concrete statistics and exemplifications. To

37、be well noticed of the dos and donts during the process of drafting a business English contract.Pay necessary attentions to learn and compare different cultures and laws.After primary study of some references, I have gained some basic understanding of this subject, and themy（论文中不要用“我”，“我的”之类的词，这样不正式

38、，而要用“本文”、“本研究”、“本课题”等。） tentative outline of the dissertation goes as follows:1 Introduction Briefly introduce the main objectives and significance of the essay as well as put forward the key issues to be discussed hereafter.2 the conception of contract 2.1 The conception of contract, English contra

39、ct, and business English contract. 2.2 The differentiations and relations among the three types of contracts.3 The stylistic characteristics of business English contract. 3.1 The stylistic characteristics in lexical level 3.1.1 UsingThe use of technical terms 3.1.2 Archaic word 3.1.3 Using synonym t

40、ogether 3.1.4 Model words “shall, will, and may” 3.1.5 Words of time 3.1.6 The use of literary words /learned words and loanwords 3.2 The stylistic characteristics in syntactical level 3.2.1 Narrative and long sentences 3.2.2 Periodic sentences and loose sentences 3.2.3 Properly use ofing passive an

41、d active voice and the present tense 3.2.4 Nominalization 3.2.5 The repetition of nouns and the less use of pronouns 3.3 The stylistic characteristics in discourse level 3.3.1 Plain English 3.3.2 The parallel structure4 dos and donts during the process of drafting a business English contract. 4.1 Th

42、e coherence of the integral contract 4.2 The consideration of different cultures and laws5 conclusions Generalize the main points discussed above and bring forward constructive suggestions and issues. （以上提纲基本可以。但还要注意同级标题的排比和并列问题。一个意思的表达可用多种结构，或名词词组结构，或动宾结构，或主谓结构，不管用什么结构，你的同级目录的标题应该只能是同一种结构，不能一会儿名词结构

43、，一会儿动宾结构。同一种结构视觉效果好，也便于理解。1、 你有一个实例用于分析吗？我想以上提纲基本上是你的论文提纲吧，把实例分析标在提纲上，让它显现出来，可以增加你论文的分量。）Measures to be taken in this dissertation include Documentary Analysis, induction, comparative analysis and field survey research. During the process, there are several steps to go through to fulfill the thesis.

44、: Step1 Search and study some relevant materials and references.Step2 Narrow down the research scale so that to find out more specific characteristics of the topic.Step3 Develop a thesis statement. A thesis statement tells the main idea of the whole essay, and paves the path for the rest work of the

45、 paper.enables me to see where I am heading to and helps me remain on a productive path during the process of planning and writing.Step4 Work out an outline. An outline of a dissertation is like the skeleton of a human being, reflects the general picture about the paper as a whole.Preparing an outli

46、ne can provide me with a general picture about what I am going to output（？）.Step5 Concentrate on the dissertation mainly by induction and comparative analysisStep6 Complete the first draft.Step7 Prepare the final draft.（以上是你的写作步骤，而不是你做本研究时采用的研究方法。研究方法是指，你采取什么手段完成本课题的研究，比如：文献分析法，实地调查法，访谈法，案例法，实验法，归纳总

47、结法，演绎推理法，等等。这些方法可以是思维方面的，也可以是实践操作方面的，它们主要起着一个为你提供论点和论据的作用。）References:1 Crystal, D & David, D. Investigating English Style .London: Longman, 1969,207.2 Herbots, J. Contracts M .The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 199732 H.G.Widdowson. Practical Stylistic M. Oxford University Press, 19924 Mellinkoff

48、, David. The Language of the Law .Little, Brown and Company, Boston & Toronto, 1963 :3-453 Shippey, K, C. A Short Course in International Contracts .Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.64 Yytler, A. F. Essays on the Principles of Translation M .London: Dent, 1907,:209 .71 傅伟良. 英文合同写作指要M.北京：商务印书馆国际