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1、 中文2600字线性扫描式照相机控制的道路检测系统的研究摘要：本论文描述了基于GPS和单片机的串行端口通讯技术的道路检测系统，该技术过去常常用来控制线性扫描式照相机。本论文集中论述了GPS和串行端口通讯以及单片机控制程序。通过比照和分析大量的实验数据和该系统对高速行驶的汽车拍摄的一系列图片，显示出该系统的设计满足了对于道路检测系统在实时线性扫描式照相机中外部触发器控制的要求。这一结果显示以高速拍摄的这些图片是相当清晰的。关键词：GPS，单片机，串行通讯，撞击检测1绪论由于车辆的超重，雨水的腐蚀，气候的变化，道路可能被毁坏。使用传统的撞击检测方法可能导致不良效果，高额本钱，不平安已经检测结果缺乏

2、一致性。随着计算机软硬件技术的开展，自动化道路检测技术变为可能。这一技术不仅极大的改善提高了检测的准确率，缩短了检测周期，而且克服了检测的主体性。在自动化道路检测领域有重大的意义。目前，我国与兴旺国家的道路检测技术仍然存在着巨大差距。 在道路撞击检测系统中，线性扫描式照相机记录关于道路的高速实时照片，然后将照片发送至主要的图像处理计算机，最后通过图像分析软件处理照片，得出撞击的位置，长度以及面积为了得出对于道路保养的相关信息。该检测系统主要是由汽车，线性扫描式照相机，GPS，计算机，图像处理软件，单片机控制系统。使用该系统检测沥青道路可以发现仅仅2毫米宽或长的撞击和撞击的位置。通过使用高速GP

3、S1和单片机控制算法，认识到对于线性扫描式照相机的实时控制根据每2毫米产生一触发信号。这一检测结果满足该系统的要求，与此同时获得了更为清晰的道路动态图像。线性扫描式照相机控制系统的设计结构如下列图1-1所示图1-1 线性扫描式照相机控制系统设计结构图2.GPS和单片机串行端口通讯以及控制实现方式通过GPS的使用，这一系统主要被用作测量撞击的位置和车辆的速度。GPS和单片机的连接依靠RS232串行接口标准。RS232定义为在数据终端设备(DTE)和数据通讯设备(DCE)之间的物理接口标准2。单片机串行端口初始化程序依靠特殊功能存放器PCON和功率控制存放器SCON。SCON串行端口被用作设置工作

4、模式，接收或发送控制/状态信号。串行端口有四种工作模式。该系统使用工作模式2。由于安装了波特率为4800的GPS，不再需要计算它。通讯模式采用8-N-1。GPS定位模式有2种。一种是信号点定位模式，另一种是不同的定位模式。信号点定位方式一直使用一个GPS接收器为了接收3或4个卫星信号以便于确定接收信号的位置。但是它的错误率相比照拟高，甚至高达515米。GPS有不同种类的数据格式，通常我们在数据的开头使用$GPRMC格式，设置它作为标准接收数据格式。GPS使用RS232来传输数据，所以我们应该在GPS和SCM之间添加一个MAX232来完成逻辑标准转换。转换后的数据被直接传输到SCM后，该系统能够

5、获得车辆的速度值。电路设计如下列图2-1所示。图2-1 GPS&SCM串行通讯接口电路设计该系统采用COM 1传输数据，波特率为4800。单片机串行端口采用工作方式2。以下是局部执行程序：TMOD=0x20；/定时器 1 工作模式2 (主要用于定时)TL1=0xf3；11TH1=0xf3；SCON=0x50；PCON=0x00；IE=0x90；/串行端口中断许可TR1=1； 串行 () 中断 4 使用 1 /串行端口中断效劳功能实现RI=0； /软件去除中断标记if (SBUF=0x24)num+;record=1;i=0;k=0;r=1;igps=0;/记录速度数据的数字numbercoma

6、=0; if (record=1) / Begin to judge whether the data received 开始判断这一数据是否接受GPRMC格式 s=GPRMC;stringk=SBUF;k+;r=strcmp(string,s);if(r=0) if(SBUF=0x2c) numbercoma+;/记录逗号的个数if(numbercoma=2)if(SBUF=0x41)/ 如果第二个判断是A，那么数据有效if (numbercoma=7) /位于第七个逗号后的字符代表速度信号stringgpsigps=SBUF; /将这个字符赋予字符串 stringgps 中igps+; /

7、 the first command is over when receive the second $, Variable given the initial value当接受到赋予初值的第二个$时第一条命令结束if (num=2)stringgpsigps=0; / The end of the data presented at the end of the string字符串结束标志位numbercoma=0; num=0; Record=0; igps=0; /当变量为零时重新接受速度数据3单片机控制的实时行扫描照相机单片机控制的实时行扫描照相机使用单片机89C513微控制机。由于每

8、两毫米产生一个触发信号的需要给照相机，该系统使用计时器来控制单片机中的触发时间，显示来自依靠串行通讯的GPS的车辆速度4。它使用该单片机的T1计时器来计时。计时器的模式采用模式1。它需要计算间隔时间，该时间是2毫米的触发器根据车辆的速度值所得到的。在这一模式中，该系统预先设置时间作为12秒使用计时器T1，依靠P20端口标准输出来实现对于照相机的控制。该系统使用方式1计时。该方式能获得更多的计时时间和更大的计时周期。该检测系统能过满足照相机工作频率的要求5。通过使用软件来控制TF1和TR1能够得到最好的计时器输入和输出，这意味着依靠计时器的时间和计时周期来控制触发器信号。该系统选择计时器1的模式

9、1工作。振晶为12MHz。机器周期为1s，预设时间周期为12s，接着12s =(2-Y)*1s，然后计算初始计时值Y作为65，524，将这一值放进16位计时器，接受启动T1计时器。当计时时间为12s时结束，TF1=1。根据不同的速度值和公式：x=3000/v，计算周期时间和为了控制照相机的工作频率获得P20上下水平控制。以下是局部执行程序：int v=35;int x;/参加速度值,作为一变量x=(3000)/(v); /计算周期时间led_on();time_lms(x);led_off();time_lms(x);while(1);time_lms(lms)TMOD=TMOD& (0x0f

10、)|0x10;TR1=1; /开始计时While (lms-)TH1=65524/256;TL1=65524/256;While (!TF1)TF1=1;TR1=0;led_off()P2_0=1;led_on()P2_0=0;3 图像分析和比照系统使用GPS为了定位起始位置并且将道路公里数结合于标记精确的道路撞击地点6。由于该系统需要在车辆运行时拍摄道路的动态照片，同时需要满足每两毫米拍摄一帧图片的要求，因此该系统需要控制线性扫描式照相机的工作频率以获得实时照片。该系统使用GPS为了获得车辆的速度值，并且通过串行通讯传输该速度值至单片机控制系统以实现每两毫米拍摄一帧照片的照相机控制。由于该系

11、统采用线性排列的照相机，它需要在每毫米的距离提供一个触发信号来满足两毫米宽度路面撞击的检测精度要求7。如果该系统并未采用实时控制照相机的工作频率，那么线性扫描式照相机接受到的大局部照片是不清晰的。由于车辆在行驶中的速度总是不断变化的，使用该论文中设计的控制系统将获得更加清晰路面照片8。采用恒定的频率采集方式将达不到如此清晰的动态照片。该论文设计的系统满足道路撞击检测精度要求。与此同时下面的图片提供了可靠的根据。图3-1和图3-2是拍摄的两张道路检测的照片案例。图3-1 实时控制照相机采集的照片图3-2 非实时照相机采集的照片4 结论该系统设计实现了以下功能：（1） 该系统通过硬件和软件的设计实

12、现了速度值的测量，并且设计了控制GPS和单片机串行通讯的程序9。（2） 根据车辆的速度值程序控制P20单片机端口输出电压以监控线性扫描式实时照相机的工作频率。（3） 该系统使道路撞击检测精确度要求到达了2毫秒级别的精度，并且能够获得十分清晰的动态图片以至在公路检测方面到达很好的效果。4 通过比照采集照片的质量和大量的外围实验数据显示，该设计系统能够在车辆高速行驶的情况下获得清晰的动态照片。Line-Scan Camera Control Pavement DetectionSystem ResearchZhao-yun Sun1, Ai-min Sha2, Li Zhao3, and Chan

13、g-rong Xie1 College of information engineering, Changan University, Xian 710064, China2 College of road, Changan University, Xian 710064, China3 College of information engineering, Changan University, Xian 710064, ChinaAbstract. The paper designs the pavement detecting system, which is based on GPS

14、and the serial port communication technology of the SCM (single-chipmicrocomputer) used to control the line-scan camera. The paper focuses on GPS and the serial port communication as well as the control programs of singlechip microcomputer .By comparing and analyzing large amounts of experiments dat

15、a and the serial images which are obtained in the high-speed vehicle moving by using this system, it shows that this system design satisfies the requirement of external trigger control in real-time line-scan camera for the pavement detection system. The result shows that the images obtained in high

16、speed are much clearer.Keywords: GPS; single-chip microcomputer; serial communication; crack detection.1 IntroductionBecause of the overweight of vehicles, rain erosion, climate change, the pavement may be destroyed. Using traditional crack detecting methods may lead to low efficiency, high cost, in

17、security and poor consistency of detecting results. With the development of computer hardware and software technology, automatic pavement detection technology becomes possible. It not only greatly improves the detection rate, shortens the detecting cycle, but also overcomes the subjectivity of the d

18、etecting. It has great significance in the automatic pavement detection field. At present, there is still a wide gap between Chinas road detecting technology and the developed countries. In the pavement crack detection system, the line-scan camera first captures highspeed real-time images about the

19、road, then sends it to the main image processor computer, at last processes it with image analysis software, get the cracks place, length and area so as to give reference to the road maintenance. Detection system is composed of the vehicle, line-scan camera, GPS, computer, image processing software,

20、 SCM control system. Detecting the asphalt pavement by use of the system can find the crack which is more than two millimeters, including its width, length and locations. By using the speed of GPS 1 and SCM control algorithms, it realizes the real time control for line-scan camera according to every

21、 two millimeters to give a Line-Scan Camera Control Pavement Detection System Research 9 triggering signal. The detecting results meet the requirements of the system, meanwhile,obtain much clearer pavement moving images.The design structure of line-scan camera control system is shown in Fig 1.Fig 1.

22、 Line-scan camera control system design structure2 GPS and SCM Serial Port Communication as Well as Control Realizing MethodBy using GPS, the system is mainly used to obtain the crack location and the speed of the vehicle. The link between GPS and SCM depends on the RS232 serial interface standard.

23、RS232 defines the physical interface standards between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the data communications equipment (DCE) 2. SCM serial port initializes programming finished by the special function register PCON and power control SCON register. SCON serial port is used to set the working

24、modes, accept or send the control / state signal. The serial port has four working modes. This system uses working mode 2. Because the GPS 4800 baud rate is fixed, there is no need to calculate it. Communication mode adopts 8-N-1. GPS locating method has two modes. One is a single point locating mod

25、e. The other one is differential locating mode. Single-point approach is using a GPS receiver to receive three or four satellite signals so as to determine the location of receiving points. But its error is larger relatively, even up to 5 15 m. GPS has several kinds of data formats, typically we use

26、 $ GPRMC at the beginning of the data, set it as the standard receiving data format. GPS uses the RS232 to transfer data, so we should plus a MAX232 between GPS and SCM to finish logic level conversion. After the conversion data can be directly transmitted to the SCM, the system can obtain the speed

27、 value of the vehicle. The circuit design is shown in Fig.2.Fig. 2. GPS & SCM serial communication interface circuit designThe system adopts com1 to transfer data. The baud rate is 4800. SCM serial portadopts the mode 2 to work. Part of the realizing program is as follows:TMOD=0x20; /timer1 working

28、mode 2 (mainly used for timing)TL1=0xf3;11TH1=0xf3; SCON=0x50; PCON=0x00; IE=0x90;/serial port interrupt permittingTR1=1; serial () interrupt 4 using 1 /Serial port interrupt service functionRI=0; /software clear interrupt indexif (SBUF=0x24)num+;record=1;i=0;k=0;r=1;igps=0;/ variables Recording num

29、ber of charactersspeed datanumbercoma=0; if (record=1) / Begin to judge whether the data receivedGPRMC format s=GPRMC;stringk=SBUF;k+;r=strcmp(string,s);if(r=0) if(SBUF=0x2c) numbercoma+;/record the numbers of commaif(numbercoma=2)if(SBUF=0x41)/ if the second judge is A, then the data is validif (nu

30、mbercoma=7) /the character followed the seventh comma is speed signalstringgpsigps=SBUF; /put the character into the string stringgps igps+; / the first command is over when receive the second $, Variable giventhe initial valueif (num=2)stringgpsigps=0; / The end of the data presented at the end of

31、thestringnumbercoma=0; num=0; Record=0; igps=0; /restart receiving speed data whenVariable get zero.3 SCM Control the Line- Scan Camera in Real-TimeSCM controls the line-scan camera in real-time by using SCM 89 C51 3 microcontroller.Due to the need of every two millimeters to give a trigger signal t

32、o the camera, the system uses timer to control the trigger time in SCM, reads the vehicles speed from the GPS by serial communication 4. It uses the SCM T1 timer to time. The timing mode adopts mode1. It needs to calculate the interval time required by 2 millimeters to trigger according to the vehic

33、les speed value. In this method, the system presets time to be 12 seconds by using timers T1, depends on the P20 port level output to realize the control for camera. The system uses manner 1 to time .This mode can get much timing time and more timing cycles. The detection system can meetthe requirem

34、ents of the cameras work frequency5. It can get the best timer input and output by using software to control TF1 and TR1, which means depending on the timers time and timing cycles to control trigger signal. The system selects timer1s mode 1 to work. The crystal is 12 MHz. The machine cycle is 1s. p

35、resetting time period is 12s,then 12s = (2 -Y)*1s, next calculates the initial timing value Y as 65,524 and puts it into a 16 bits timer, then starts T1 to work .When the timing time12s is over, TF1 = 1. According to the different speed values and formula: x=3000v, calculate the cycle times and get

36、to control for P20 high-low level so as to control the working frequency of the camera. Part of the realizing programs asfollows:int v=35;int x;/adding the speed values, there is a Valuationx=(3000)/(v); /calculate the cycle timesled_on();time_lms(x);led_off();time_lms(x);while(1);time_lms(lms)TMOD=

37、TMOD& (0x0f)|0x10;TR1=1; /start the timerWhile (lms-)TH1=65524/256;TL1=65524/256;While (!TF1)TF1=1;TR1=0;led_off()P2_0=1;led_on()P2_0=0;3 Image Analysis and ComparisonThe system uses GPS to locate the beginning place and combines the road kilometer piles to mark the exact pavement cracks place 6. Be

38、cause the system needs to capture the pavement dynamic images in the vehicle moving, at the same time, meet the requirements two meters to give a frame image , thus the system needs to control the work frequency of line-scan camera to obtain real-time images. The system uses GPS to get the speed of

39、the vehicle, and then sends it to the SCM control system by the serial communication, realizes the control for camera according to each two meters to capture a frame. Because the system adopts the linear array camera, it needs to give a trigger signal in each millimeter to meet the accuracy requirem

40、ent of detecting two millimeters width pavement cracks 7. If the system does not adopt real-time control for the camera work frequency, most of the moving images received by line-scan camera are not clear. Because the speed of the vehicle is always changing in the moving, using the control system de

41、signed in this paper will obtain much clearer road images 8. Adopting fixed frequency acquisition method has no very good moving image effect. The system designed in this paper satisfies the pavement cracks detection acquisition requirement. Meanwhile it lays a good foundation for the following imag

42、e processing. Two examples of capturing pavement detection images are Fig 3 and Fig 4.Fig. 3. Real-time control capturing acquisition imagesFig. 4. Non- real-time capturing acquisition images4 ConclusionThe system design realizing the functions are as follows:(1) The system realizes the speed values

43、 measurement by designing hardware and software, programs to control GPS and SCM serial communication 9.(2) According to the vehicles speed value, programs control SCM P20 port output voltage to supervise the work frequency of the line-scan camera in real-time.(3) The system finishes the pavement cr

44、acks detection accuracy requirement which is to recognize 2mm crack. It can obtain much clearer moving images and also run well in the highway detection.(4) By comparing the acquisition images quality and large amounts of outside experiments data, it shows that the design system can obtain dynamic i

45、mages clearly in high speed of vehicle moving.References1 Le, X., Zhiqiang, L., Feng, Z.: The study and realize of GPS supervision system. Journal of East China normal university: natural science (3) (2005)2 Yali, W., Yong-ling, W., Jun, W.: C programming language tutorial. The Peoples traffic Press

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