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1、免费高中有机化学方程式 电子书格式Free high school organic chemistry formula e-book formatMethane combustionCH4+2O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting)Methane is isolated from air by high temperature decompositionThe decomposition of methane is very complex, and the following is the final decomposition. CH4 - C+2H2

2、(condition of high temperature, high pressure, catalyst)Methane and chlorine undergo substitution reactionsCH4+Cl2 to CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2 to CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2 to CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2 = CCl4+HCl (conditions are light)Laboratory methane productionCH3COONa+NaOH - Na2CO3+CH4 (condition CaO heating)Ethyl

3、ene combustionCH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting)Ethylene and bromineCH2=CH2+Br2 to CH2Br-CH2BrEthylene and waterCH2=CH2+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst)Ethylene and hydrogen chlorideCH2=CH2+HCl to CH3-CH2ClEthylene and hydrogenCH2=CH2+H2 - CH3-CH3 (condition as catalyst)Ethylene

4、polymerizationNCH2=CH2 - -CH2-CH2-n- (condition as catalyst)Vinyl chloride polymerizationNCH2=CHCl - -CH2-CHCl-n- (condition as catalyst)Laboratory production of ethyleneCH3CH2OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2O (conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4)Acetylene combustionC2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighti

5、ng)Acetylene and bromineC2H2+2Br2 to C2H2Br4Acetylene and hydrogen chlorideTwo step reaction: C2H2+HCl = C2H3Cl-C2H3Cl+HCl = C2H4Cl2Acetylene and hydrogenTwo step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4 = C2H2+2H2 to C2H6 (condition as catalyst)Laboratory acetyleneCaC2+2H2O, Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2Equation for synthesiz

6、ing polyethylene with salt, water, limestone and coke as raw materials.CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 2CaO+5C=2CaC2+CO2CaC2+2H2O = C2H2+Ca (OH) 2C+H2O=CO+H2- high temperatureC2H2+H2 - C2H4 - acetylene addition yields ethyleneC2H4 polymerizableBenzene combustion2C6H6+15O2 - 12CO2+6H2O (condition for lighting)Subs

7、tituted benzene and bromine.C6H6+Br2 to C6H5Br+HBrConcentrated nitric acidC6H6+HNO3 - C6H5NO2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid)Benzene and hydrogenC6H6+3H2 - C6H12 (condition as catalyst)Equation for complete combustion of ethanolC2H5OH+3O2 - 2CO2+3H2O (condition for lighting)An equation

8、 for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol2CH3CH2OH+O2 = 2CH3CHO+2H2O (condition as catalyst) (this is the total equation)An equation for the elimination reaction of ethanolCH3CH2OH to CH2=CH2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid 170 degrees Celsius)Intermolecular dehydration of ethanol occurs

9、in two molecules2CH3CH2OH - CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O (condition is catalyst, concentrated sulfuric acid 140 degrees Celsius)An equation for the esterification of ethanol with acetic acidCH3COOH+C2H5OH to CH3COOC2H5+H2OAcetic acid and magnesiumMg+2CH3COOH (CH3COO) 2Mg+H2Acetic acid and calcium oxide2CH3Find

10、 a more complete oneMethane combustionCH4+2O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting)Methane is isolated from air by high temperature decompositionThe decomposition of methane is very complex, and the following is the final decomposition. CH4 - C+2H2 (condition of high temperature, high pressure, cataly

11、st)Methane and chlorine undergo substitution reactionsCH4+Cl2 to CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2 to CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2 to CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2 = CCl4+HCl (conditions are light)Laboratory methane productionCH3COONa+NaOH - Na2CO3+CH4 (condition CaO heating)Ethylene combustionCH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for

12、lighting)Ethylene and bromineCH2=CH2+Br2 to CH2Br-CH2BrEthylene and waterCH2=CH2+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst)Ethylene and hydrogen chlorideCH2=CH2+HCl to CH3-CH2ClEthylene and hydrogenCH2=CH2+H2 - CH3-CH3 (condition as catalyst)Ethylene polymerizationNCH2=CH2 - -CH2-CH2-n- (condition as ca

13、talyst)Vinyl chloride polymerizationNCH2=CHCl - -CH2-CHCl-n- (condition as catalyst)Laboratory production of ethyleneCH3CH2OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2O (conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4)Acetylene combustionC2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighting)Acetylene and bromineC2H2+2Br2 to C2H2Br4Acetylene

14、 and hydrogen chlorideTwo step reaction: C2H2+HCl = C2H3Cl-C2H3Cl+HCl = C2H4Cl2Acetylene and hydrogenTwo step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4 = C2H2+2H2 to C2H6 (condition as catalyst)Laboratory acetyleneCaC2+2H2O, Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2Equation for synthesizing polyethylene with salt, water, limestone and coke

15、 as raw materials.CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 2CaO+5C=2CaC2+CO2CaC2+2H2O = C2H2+Ca (OH) 2C+H2O=CO+H2- high temperatureC2H2+H2 - C2H4 - acetylene addition yields ethyleneC2H4 polymerizableBenzene combustion2C6H6+15O2 - 12CO2+6H2O (condition for lighting)Substituted benzene and bromine.C6H6+Br2 to C6H5Br+HBrCon

16、centrated nitric acidC6H6+HNO3 - C6H5NO2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid)Benzene and hydrogenC6H6+3H2 - C6H12 (condition as catalyst)Equation for complete combustion of ethanolC2H5OH+3O2 - 2CO2+3H2O (condition for lighting)An equation for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol2CH3CH2OH+O2 =

17、 2CH3CHO+2H2O (condition as catalyst) (this is the total equation)An equation for the elimination reaction of ethanolCH3CH2OH to CH2=CH2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid 170 degrees Celsius)Intermolecular dehydration of ethanol occurs in two molecules2CH3CH2OH - CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O (condit

18、ion is catalyst, concentrated sulfuric acid 140 degrees Celsius)An equation for the esterification of ethanol with acetic acidCH3COOH+C2H5OH to CH3COOC2H5+H2OAcetic acid and magnesiumMg+2CH3COOH (CH3COO) 2Mg+H2Acetic acid and calcium oxide2CH3COOH+CaO (CH3CH2) 2Ca+H2OAcetic acid and sodium hydroxide

19、CH3COOCH2CH3+NaOH to CH3COONa+CH3CH2OHAcetic acid and sodium carbonateNa2CO3+2CH3COOH and 2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2 increaseFormaldehyde and new copper hydroxideHCHO+4Cu (OH) 2, 2Cu2O+CO2 = +5H2OThe new system of acetaldehyde and copper hydroxideCH3CHO+2Cu to Cu2O (precipitation) +CH3COOH+2H2OAcetaldehyde i

20、s oxidized to acetic acid2CH3CHO+O2 - 2CH3COOH (condition for catalyst or heating)Olefins are hydrocarbons containing C=C bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. The molecular formula of olefins is CnH2n, nonpolar molecules, insoluble or slightly soluble in water. Prone to addition, polymerization, oxidati

21、on, etc.Physical properties of ethyleneUsually, a colorless slightly smell gas, the density is smaller than the air, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.1) oxidation reaction:It is easy to be oxidized by oxidant at room temperature. If ethylene is passed into

22、 the acidic KMnO4 solution, the purple of the solution is removed, thus identifying the ethylene.Easy to burn and give off heat. When burning, the flame is bright and black smoke is produced.2) addition reaction of double bond in organic compounds (or triple) at both ends of the carbon atoms with ot

23、her atoms or groups of atoms to form new compounds with direct reaction.3) polymerization:Laboratory method for the production of ethylene 2.(1): CH3CH2OH=CH2=CH2 = +H2O (the principle of reaction conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4)(2) generating device: a reaction device using liquid and li

24、quid heating to produce gas.(3) collection method: drainage gas collection method.(4) matters needing attention:The volume ratio of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid in reaction liquid is 1 to 3.In the round bottom flask with a small amount of broken tiles, the purpose is to prevent bumping whe

25、n heated in the reaction mixture.The thermometer mercury bulb should be inserted under the liquid surface to accurately measure the temperature of the reaction liquid. When heating, the temperature should be rapidly increased to 170 degrees to reduce the chance of ether formation.In the production o

26、f ethylene in the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst, but not water absorbent is oxidant in the reaction process to ethanol oxidation, CO2, CO, the last generation C (so the tube liquid black), while the sulfate itself is reduced to SO2. SO2 can make water or KMnO4 solution. Therefore,

27、before the experiment on the properties of ethylene, SO2 can be removed by washing the gas through the NaOH solution to obtain pure ethylene.Acetylene, also known as calcium carbide gas. The structure of simple type HC = CH, is the most simple alkynes. Chemical formula C2H2Molecular structure: non-p

28、olar molecules with linear molecules.Colorless, odorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, acetone and other organic solvents.The chemical property is very active, it can react with addition, oxidation, polymerization and metal substitution.The Potassium Permanganate sol

29、ution faded purple.Method: CaC2+2H2O laboratory acetylene - Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2Chemical property：(1) oxidation reaction:A. flammability: 2C2H2+5O2 to 4CO2+2H2OPhenomenon: bright and thick smoke.B. oxidation by KMnO4: to make Potassium Permanganate purple acid solution.(2) addition reaction: it can reac

30、t with many substances such as Br2, H2, HX and so on.Phenomenon: CCl4 solution or Br2 fade fade brominePlus H2CH = CH+H2, CH2 = CH2Plus H2Two step reaction: C2H2+H2 to C2H4C2H2+2H2 - C2H6 (condition as catalyst)Vinyl chloride; used in making polyvinyl chlorideC2H2+HCl to C2H3Cl, nCH2=CHCl to =-CH2-C

31、HCl-n- (condition as catalyst)(3) because acetylene and ethylene are unsaturated hydrocarbons, the chemical properties are similar. Metal substitution reaction: the acetylene is passed into the liquid ammonia dissolved in metal sodium, and hydrogen is released. Acetylene reacts with silver ammonia s

32、olution to produce silver deposits of white acetylene1 halogenated hydrocarbons: functional groups, halogen atomsA hydrolysis reaction occurs in the alkali solution to produce the alcoholAn elimination reaction occurs in an alkali alcohol solution to yield an unsaturated hydrocarbon2, alcohol: funct

33、ional group, alcohol hydroxylReacts with sodium to produce hydrogenIt can be eliminated to obtain unsaturated hydrocarbons (carbon atoms directly linked to the hydroxyl group, which can not be eliminated without hydrogen atoms)It can react with carboxylic acidCapable of being catalytically oxidized

34、to aldehydes (primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones and tertiary alcohols are not catalytically oxidized)3. Aldehyde: functional group, aldehyde groupSilver mirror reaction with silver ammonia solutionCan the new system of copper hydroxide solution re

35、action and generate red precipitateCapable of being oxidized to carboxylic acidsCapable of being reduced to alcohol by hydrogenation4, phenol, functional group, phenolic hydroxylAcidicSodium reacts with hydrogenPhenolic hydroxyl groups make the nature of benzene ring more lively, and benzene ring is

36、 prone to substitute. The phenolic hydroxyl group is the ortho para orientating group on the benzene ringIt can be esterified with carboxylic acid5, carboxylic acid, functional group, carboxyl groupHaving acidity (usually acidic, stronger than carbonic acid)Reacts with sodium to yield hydrogenCannot

37、 be reduced to aldehydes (notice no)It can be esterified with alcohol6, ester, functional group, ester groupHydrolysis occurs to produce acids and alcoholsMaterial extraction:Laboratory methane productionCH3COONa+NaOH - Na2CO3+CH4 (condition CaO heating)Laboratory production of ethyleneCH3CH2OH, CH2

38、=CH2 = +H2O (conditions for heating, concentrated H2SO4)Laboratory acetyleneCaC2+2H2O, Ca (OH) = 2+C2H2Industrial ethanol production:C2H4+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst)Preparation of acetaldehydeAcetylene hydration process: C2H2+H2O to C2H4O (condition as catalyst),Heating and pressurizingEt

39、hylene oxidation process: 2 CH2=CH2+O2 to 2CH3CHO (heating with catalyst)Ethanol oxidation method: 2CH3CH2OH+O2 to 2CH3CHO+2H2O (as catalyst, heating)Preparation of acetic acidAcetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid: 2CH3CHO+O2 to 2CH3COOH (as catalyst and heating)Addition polymerization:Ethylene po

40、lymerizationNCH2=CH2 - -CH2-CH2-n- (condition as catalyst)Vinyl chloride polymerizationNCH2=CHCl - -CH2-CHCl-n- (condition as catalyst)Oxidation reaction:Methane combustionCH4+2O2 - CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting)Ethylene combustionCH2=CH2+3O2 - 2CO2+2H2O (condition for lighting)Acetylene combusti

41、onC2H2+3O2 - 2CO2+H2O (condition for lighting)Benzene combustion2C6H6+15O2 - 12CO2+6H2O (condition for lighting)Equation for complete combustion of ethanolC2H5OH+3O2 - 2CO2+3H2O (condition for lighting)An equation for the catalytic oxidation of ethanol2CH3CH2OH+O2 - 2CH3CHO+2H2O (condition as cataly

42、st)Catalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde:CH3CHO+O2 - 2CH3COOH (heating with catalyst)Substitution reaction: the substitution of some atoms or groups of atoms in an organic molecule by other atoms or groups of atoms.Methane and chlorine undergo substitution reactionsCH4+Cl2 to CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2 to CH2

43、Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2 to CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2 to CCl4+HCl(all conditions are light.)Concentrated nitric acidC6H6+HNO3 - C6H5NO2+H2O (condition is concentrated sulfuric acid)The substitution of benzene and benzene with halogen elements, concentrated nitric acid and so on. Such as:The concentration of bromi

44、ne and substituted phenols. Such as:Substitution of alkanes and halogen elements in light. Such as:Esterification reaction. The reaction between an acid and an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to produce ester and water, in essence, is the reaction of carboxyl groups with hydrox

45、yl groups to produce ester groups and water. Such as:.Hydrolysis reaction. The substitution of -OH or -H in water molecules for the reaction of atoms or clusters in organic compounds is called hydrolysis.Hydrolysis of hydrogen halides to form alcohol. Such as:Hydrolysis of esters yields carboxylic a

46、cids (carboxylic acids) and alcohols. Such as:Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate:CH3COOC2H5+H2O to CH3COOH+C2H5OH (the condition is inorganic acid base)Addition reaction.The reaction of unsaturated carbon atoms united with other atoms or atoms into other organic matter.Ethylene and bromineCH2=CH2+Br2 to CH2Br-CH2BrEthylene and waterCH2=CH2+H20 - CH3CH2OH (condition as catalyst)Eth