2021考研英语真题及解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2021 考研英语（二）真题及答案 Section I Use of English Its not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,（1）to understand their negative harder,consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.（2）one and the others become distorted.Trave

2、l on a London bus and youll（3）see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to（4）that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are（5）.How a

3、bout jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is（6）.People complained that buses were late and infrequent.（7）,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were（8）or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But th

4、ey（9）hit cyclists.If the target was changed to（10）you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more（11）drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another（12）:people became immensely in

5、ventive in hitting targets.Have you（13）that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a（14）is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The（15）of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimens

6、ional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well（16）others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a（17）Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring conseque

7、nces first.All good targets should have multiple criteria（18）critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to（19）just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better（20）the objective.1.A.therefore B.again C.moreov

8、er D.however 2.A.identify B.assess C.emphasize D.explain 3.A.curiously B.quickly C.eagerly D.nearly 4.A.check B.prove C.recall D.claim 5.A.threatened B.mocked C.ignored D.blamed 6.A.hospitality B.competition C.punctuality D.innovation 7.A.Yet B.Besides C.Still D.So 8.A.rewarded B.trained C.grouped D

9、.hired 9.A.rather B.also C.once D.only 10.A.comfort B.efficiency C.security D.revenue 11.A.cautious B.quiet C.diligent D.friendly 12.A.purpose B.prejudice C.policy D.problem 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！13.A.revealed B.noticed C.admitted D.reported 14.A.break B.departure C.transfer

10、 D.trip 15.A.moral B.background C.style D.form 16.A.sacrifice B.criticize C.tolerate D.interpret 17.A.secret B.cost C.product D.task 18.A.relating to B.calling for C.accounting for D.leading to 19.A.predict B.restore C.specify D.create 20.A.review B.achieve C.present D.modify 答案：1-5 DCBAC 6-10 CAABD

11、 11-15 ADBDB 16-20 ABACB Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirem

12、ent if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review,finds that on average 4

13、2 per cent of the core skills within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline,so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers

14、whose skills are no longer demand and replace them with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy,ultimately retraining 18,000 employees.Prepande

15、mic,other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where

16、we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and In regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February.at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and wo

17、rker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and

18、other medical personnel Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks,no matter who pays for it.But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned That seems to be the case in

19、 Sweden,where the pandemic kick-started a retraining program where business as well as government had a role.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context.You can easily 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！imagine a chorus of you cant do that,because teachers or

20、nurses or whoever have special skills,and using any support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster.Maybe.Or maybe it is something that can work ell in Sweden,with its history of co-operation between business,labour and government,but not in North America where our history is

21、very different.Then again,maybe it is akin to wartime,when extraordinary things take place,but it is business as usual after the fact.And yet,as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things,including rapid reskilling,can be done if there is a will to do them.In any case Swedens work force is

22、now more skilled,in more things,and more flexible than it was before.Of course,reskilling programs,whether for pandemic needs or the post pandemic world,are expensive and at a time when every ones budgets are lean this may not be the time to implement them.Then again,extending income support program

23、s to get us through the next months is expensive,too,to say nothing of the cost of having a swath of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years Given that,perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where res killing becomes much more than a buzzword.21.Res

24、earch by the World Economic Forum suggests.A.an increase in full-time employment B.an urgent demand for new job skills C.a steady growth of job opportunities D.a controversy about the“core skills”22.AT&T is cited to show.A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy B.an immediate need for governme

25、nt support C.the importance of staff appraisal standards D.the characteristics of reskilling program 23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada.A.have driven up labour costs B.have proved to be inconsistent C.have met with fierce opposition D.have appeared to be insufficient 24.We can learn

26、 from Paragraph 3 that there was.A.a call for policy adjustment B.a change in hiring practices C.a lack of medical workers D.a sign of economic recovery 25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to.A.Great job vacancies for the unemployed B.Prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs C.Retrain their cabin

27、staff for better services D.finance their staff s college education Text 2 With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in,some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the

28、UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 percent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.A mo

29、ve back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nations health.Sounds greatbut bow feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭

30、诚为您提供优质的文档！the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still g

31、rave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensivelymeaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reason why the

32、UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesnt have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 percent of the countys land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields o

33、f fruit and vegwhich would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homeswe would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 percent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme mea

34、sures we could meet only 30 percent of our fresh produce needs.That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficient in UK would A.be hindered by its population gro

35、und B.become a priority of government C.pose a challenge to its farming industry D.contribute to the nations well-being 27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK A.farmland has been inefficiently utilized B.factory-style production needs reforming C.most land is used for meat and

36、 dairy production D.more green fields will be converted for farming 28.Crop-growing in he UK is restricted due to_ A.its farming technology B.its dietary tradition C.its natural conditions D.its commercial interests 29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people A.rely largely on i

37、mports for fresh produce B.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption C.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake D.are trying to grow new varieties of grains 30.The authors attitude to food self-sufficient in the UK is A.defensive B.doubtful C.tolerant D.optimistic Text 3 When Microsoft bought

38、 task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015,it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsofts own Office dominates the market for“productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground

39、 up for the smart phone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped,after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！“acquit-hires”that the biggest companies have use

40、d to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsofts critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their.path.“They bought the seedlings and closed them down,”complained Paul Arnold,a partner at

41、San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result

42、:“I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?I dont know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many sma

43、ll acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a research project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5tn,rifling through such small deals

44、many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrisemight seem beside the point.Between them,the five companies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,Amazon and Facebook)have spent an average of only$3.4bn a year on sub-$1bn acquisitions over the past five yearsa drop in the ocean compared with their massi

45、ve financial reserves,and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a“buy a

46、nd kill”.tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and sunrise after their acquisitions.A.Their market values declined B.Their tech features improved C.Their engineers were retained D.Their products were re-priced 32.Microsofts critics believe that the big tech companies tend

47、 to.A.ignore public opinions B.treat new tech talent unfairly C.exaggerate their product quality D.eliminate their potential competitors 33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.A.harm the national economy B.worsen market competition C.discourage start-up investors D.weaken big tech

48、 companies 34.The US Federal Trade Commission intend to.A.examine small acquisitions B.limit Big Tech s expansion C.supervise start-ups operations D.encourage research collaboration 35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisition have.A.brought little financial pressure B.raised few m

49、anagement challenges C.set an example for future deals D.generated considerable profits Text 4 Were fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrus

50、ive.In one study of the ability she dubbed“thin slicing.”The late 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor s overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with