1996-2000年考研英语真题及答案(卷一)(打印版).pdf

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1、学诚考研资料考研资料考研资料1996-20001996-2000 年全国研究生年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案入学考试试卷及参考答案（打印版）（打印版）英英语语1 1学诚考研资料20002000 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题PartPart Close TestClose TestDirectionsDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C andD.Choose the best one and m

2、ark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets with a pencil.(10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a large quantity of grain1consuming all his grain immediately.He can

3、continue to supporthimself and his family2he produces a surplus.He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance3the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to4old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to5the soil

4、.He may also need money toconstruct irrigation6and improve his farm in other ways.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be7 .He must either sell some of his property or8extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try toborrow money at a low9of interest,but loans of this kind are not10obt

5、ainable.139 words1.A other thanB as well asC instead ofD more than2.A only ifB much asC long beforeD ever since3.A forB againstC ofD towards4.A replaceB purchaseC supplementD dispose5.A enhanceB mixC feedD raise6.A vesselsB routesC pathsD channels7.A self-confidentB self-sufficientC self-satisfiedDs

6、elf-restrained8.A searchB saveC offerD seek9.A proportionB percentageC rateD ratio10.A genuinelyB obviouslyC presumablyD frequentlyPartPart Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionDirections:Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answer

7、s markedA,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with apencil.(40 points)Passage 1Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful hand

8、icap,but,if properly handled,it may becomea driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second WorldWar,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(11)Its scientists were the worlds bes

9、t;its workers the most skilled.America and Americans wereprosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,第 1 页 共 40 页学诚考研资料the retreat from predom

10、inance proved painful.By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss overtheir fading industrial competitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,hadshrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By 1987 there was only one American television maker（12）left

11、,Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.Americas machine-tool industrywas on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had inventedand which s

12、at at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They beganto believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fallas well.Th

13、e mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America s industrial decline.Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed!In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while

14、（14）Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar orthe turning of the business cycle.Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.“American industry has changed itsstructure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Rich

15、ard Cavanaugh,executivedean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government.“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how ourbusinesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes

16、 that people will look back on this period as“a golden age of business management in the United States.”429 words11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because.A it had made painstaking efforts towards this goalB its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC the war had de

17、stroyed the economies of most potential competitorsD the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that theAmerican.A TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic marketB semiconducto

18、r industry had been taken over by foreign enterprisesC machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13.What can be inferred from the passage?A It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B Intense competition may con

19、tribute to economic progress.C The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.D A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.A turning of the business cycleB res

20、tructuring of industryC improved business managementD success in educationPassage 2Passage 2（15）Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,butthis ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women a

21、smen.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now,boy babies survive almost as well asgirls do.This means that,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they aresearching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been re

22、moved.Fifty years ago,第 2 页 共 40 页学诚考研资料the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or tooheavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due togenes,one more agent of evolution has gone.There

23、is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few people areas fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have 15 children.Nowadaysthe number of births,like the age of death,has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number

24、of（16）offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of ithave diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities andpoverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today everyone b

25、eing the same in survivaland number of offspringmeans that natural selection has lost 80%of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved littlephysical change.No other species fills so

26、 many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years even the（17）past 100 yearsour lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,becausemachines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:they“look at anorganic being as a savage look

27、s at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we willremember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed ourdescendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.406 words15.What used to be the danger in being a

28、 man according to the first paragraph?A A lack of mates.B A fierce competition.C A lower survival rate.D A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?A Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.B Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.C The midd

29、le class population is 80%smaller than that of the tribes.D India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.A life has been improved by technological advanceB the number of female babies has been decliningC our species has

30、reached the highest stage of evolutionD the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.B Ways of Continuing Mans Evolution.C The Evolutionary Future of Nature.D Human Evolution Going No

31、where.Passage 3Passage 3（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates areaiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years tocome they may be regarded as normal.With regard to Futur

32、ist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,forwhatever Futurist poetry may beeven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right it can hardlybe classed as Literature.This,in brief,is what the Futurist says:for a century,past conditions of life have been conditionallyspeeding up,ti

33、ll now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently,our feelings,thoughts第 3 页 共 40 页学诚考研资料and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires anew form of expression.We must speed up our literature too,if we want to interpret mod

34、ern stress.We mustpour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,or finite verbs.Insteadof describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes of type and differentcolored inks on the same page,and shorten or lengthen words at wil

35、l.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatorynotes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they bothfall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise

36、of their falling and the weights of the officers:“Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”（22）This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:that a great chang

37、e in our emotionallife calls for a change of expression.The whole question is really this:have we essentially changed?334words19.This passage is mainly.A a survey of new approaches to artB a review of Futurist poetryC about merits of the Futurist movementD about laws and requirements of literature20

38、.When a novel literary idea appears,people should try to.A determine its purposesB ignore its flawsC follow the new fashionsD accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must.A increase the production of literatureB use poetry to relieve modern stressC develop new modes of expressionD avoid usin

39、g adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.A based on reasonable principlesB new and acceptable to ordinary peopleC indicative of a basic change in human natureD more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4Passage 4（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the p

40、ostwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are theenvy of the United States and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditionalwork-moral values.Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reasonfor being,but now Japan has larg

41、ely fulfilled its economic needs,and young people dont know where theyshould go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job markethave limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved incl

42、imbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.In a recent survey,it was found that only 24.5percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared with67.2 percent of students in theUnited States.In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with t

43、heir jobs than did theircounterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test第 4 页 共 40 页（21）学诚考研资料taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.“Those things that do not show up i

44、n thetest scorespersonality,ability,courage or humanityare completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman ofthe ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee.“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids todrop out and run wild.”Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school viol

45、ence,including 929 assaultson teachers.Amid the outcry,many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moraleducation.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama,who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued thatliberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authoritie

46、s after World War II had weakened the“Japanesemorality of respect for parents.”（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles.“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro,“itsnever a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure.”Witheconomic growth has come

47、 centralization;fully 76 percent of Japan s 119 million citizens live in cities wherecommunity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,two-generation households.Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions,but as th

48、e old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell.In the past decade,theJapanese divorce rate,while still well below that of the United States,has increased by more than 50 percent,andsuicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.447 words23.In the Westerners eyes,the postwar

49、Japan was.A under aimless developmentB a positive exampleC a rival to the WestD on the decline24.According to the author,what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?A Womens participation in social activities is limited.B More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C

50、Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.D The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.Which of the following is true according to the author?A Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning