英语习语讲解教学内容.ppt

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1、英语习语讲解狭义上：一种语言中长期以来习用的、表达狭义上：一种语言中长期以来习用的、表达 完整意义的、结构定型的固定词组完整意义的、结构定型的固定词组 或短句。或短句。“习语、熟语、惯用法习语、熟语、惯用法”lI.英语习语的特征英语习语的特征英语习语有两个特征：英语习语有两个特征：a.a.语义的统一性语义的统一性(semantic unity)习语是个固定的词组，在语义上是个不可分习语是个固定的词组，在语义上是个不可分割的统一体，其整体的意义往往不能从组割的统一体，其整体的意义往往不能从组成习语的各个词汇意义中揣测出来。成习语的各个词汇意义中揣测出来。如：如：do sb.brown,do up

2、 brown,show the white feather,to have an axe to grind Friday face,hard names.under the weather b.b.结构的固定性结构的固定性(structural stability)从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个从结构上来看，习语也有本身的完整性，其中各个组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换组成部分是固定的，不可任意拆开或替换。如如：on

3、board on board 在船上在船上在船上在船上 on the board on the board 在会上讨论在会上讨论在会上讨论在会上讨论 on the boards on the boards 登台做演员登台做演员登台做演员登台做演员 in the same boat None of your sauce!in the same boat None of your sauce!Diamond Diamond cutcut diamond,crook diamond,crook cutcut crook.crook.Like Like curescures like.like.to

4、tread/walk on air to tread/walk on air 洋洋自得，飘飘然洋洋自得，飘飘然英语习语英语习语 idioms 与自由短语与自由短语free phrase 的区别的区别自由短语(free phrase)可从其组成部分的字面意义来判定其释义。英语习语则不尽然。如：red tapes,cold winter.red tapes,cold winter.red tape,cold comfort.red tape,cold comfort.短语动词既可看作习语，也可不作习语对待，视上下文而定。如：He took off his shoes.He took off his

5、 shoes.He took off the comedian to perfection.?He took off the comedian to perfection.?There are ten dark horses in the stable.There are ten dark horses in the stable.Whatever the outcome of the election,he is still a Whatever the outcome of the election,he is still a dark horse.dark horse.II.英语习语的分

6、类英语习语的分类从语法功能和结构成份来看，习语可分为：一、动词性习语一、动词性习语动词性习语动词性习语(idioms verbal in nature)idioms verbal in nature)以动词为中心与其以动词为中心与其他动词搭配使用，在句中起谓语作用。他动词搭配使用，在句中起谓语作用。动词性习语有以下几种结构：动词性习语有以下几种结构：1.1.动词动词+小品词小品词(verb+particle)verb+particle)(1)(1)动词动词+副词副词 如：如：Some parts of the story didnt Some parts of the story didnt

7、add upadd up.合乎情理合乎情理合乎情理合乎情理 The official The official blundered outblundered out government secrets government secrets again.again.不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出不慎泄漏，顺口说出 (2)(2)动词动词动词动词+介词介词介词介词 如：如：如：如：a.Why are they always biting at each other?朝朝朝朝吼叫吼叫吼叫吼叫 b.She cut across our talk.打断打断打断打断(3)(3)动词

8、动词动词动词+副词副词副词副词+介词介词介词介词 如：如：如：如：a.The products of Japan are gradually edging those of the United States out of the European market.逐渐排除去逐渐排除去逐渐排除去逐渐排除去 b.I think that man is just hanging out for a better offer.故意拖延以待故意拖延以待故意拖延以待故意拖延以待2.动词动词+名词名词如：如：bide ones time,blaze the trail,hang fire a.When th

9、e story of the barbers ill-treatment of his wife got wind,he left town.泄漏，传播泄漏，传播泄漏，传播泄漏，传播 b.Its slow service gave the restaurant a bad name.使使使使名声不好名声不好名声不好名声不好 c.The police gave him the collar as he was leaving the apartment.逮捕，抓获逮捕，抓获逮捕，抓获逮捕，抓获 d.He killed time by reading a newspaper while waiti

10、ng for the bus.消磨时间消磨时间消磨时间消磨时间 3.动词动词+介词短语介词短语如：如：如：如：beat about the bush,fall by the way a.He amuses himself by setting other people by the ears.引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨离间引起纷争，挑拨离间 b.b.He took the boy to the station and set him on his way.给某人指明路途给某人指明路途给某人指明路途给某人指明路途 c.My mother packed some food

11、for the beggar and giving him a shilling,set him on his way.（给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路给予帮助后）送某人上路 4.4.动词动词动词动词+名词名词名词名词+介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语如如如如：burn the candle at both endsburn the candle at both ends catch a hare with a tabor catch a hare with a tabor 试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不可能做到的事试图作几乎不

12、可能做到的事 He spent all his life in He spent all his life in dropping buckets into empty dropping buckets into empty wells wells.5.5.动词动词动词动词+名词名词名词名词+介词介词介词介词如：如：如：如：make short work of,make short work of,make a clean breast of make a clean breast of get wind of,get wind of,pick holes in pick holes in 6

13、.6.动词动词动词动词+形容词形容词形容词形容词如：如：如：如：go easy,come clean,sit pretty go easy,come clean,sit pretty a.We have a.We have set apartset apart a special sum of money for a special sum of money for new equipment.new equipment.b.Her bright red hair b.Her bright red hair setssets her her apartapart from her from h

14、er sisters.sisters.二、名词性习语二、名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语名词性习语(idioms nominal in nature)idioms nominal in nature)以名词为中以名词为中以名词为中以名词为中心，与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构心，与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构心，与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构心，与其他词语搭配使用，这类成语由以下几种结构组成：组成：组成：组成：1.1.1.1.形容词形容词形容词形容词+名词名词名词名词 如：如：如：如：high tea cold shoulder,high tea co

15、ld shoulder,red herring white elephant,red herring white elephant,fond dream blue chip fond dream blue chip2.2.名词名词名词名词+介词介词介词介词+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：a fly in the ointment,a fly in the ointment,a fly on the wheel,a fly on the wheel,the apple of ones eye the apple of ones eye an apple of discord an apple

16、of discord3.3.名词或专有名词名词或专有名词名词或专有名词名词或专有名词+s+s+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：the lions share,the lions share,cats paw,cats paw,Kings weather Kings weather4.4.名词名词名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：wear and tear,wear and tear,rank and file rank and file flesh and blood flesh and blood,5.5.名词名词名词名词+名词名词名词名词如：如：如：如：sheet

17、anchor,sheet anchor,brain trust,brain trust,a moot point a moot point三、形容词性习语三、形容词性习语三、形容词性习语三、形容词性习语1.1.形容词形容词形容词形容词+and+and+形容词形容词形容词形容词 如：如：如：如：high and mighty,high and mighty,null and void,null and void,free and easy free and easy2.2.介词介词介词介词+形容词形容词形容词形容词如：如：如：如：on the go,on the go,on call,on ca

18、ll,out of sorts out of sorts,3.3.3.3.形容形容形容形容(或副词）或副词）或副词）或副词）+介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语如如如如：wide of mark,wet behind the ears,wide of mark,wet behind the ears,4.as+4.as+形容词形容词形容词形容词+as+as+名词名词名词名词如如如如：as stiff as a poker,as cool as a as stiff as a poker,as cool as a cucumbercucumber四、副词性习语四、副词性习语四、副词性习语四、副词性

19、习语1.1.名词名词名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词 如：如：如：如：heart and soul,tooth and nail,heart and soul,tooth and nail,hammer and tongs hammer and tongs2.2.2.2.介词介词介词介词+名词名词名词名词如如如如：in a breeze,with flying colors,behind the in a breeze,with flying colors,behind the scenes,by the way,scenes,by the way,3.3.介词介词介词介词+名词名词

20、名词名词+and+and+名词名词名词名词如如如如：between the devil and the deep blue between the devil and the deep blue seasea through thick and thin through thick and thin与动物有关的：1.smell a rat 2.go to the dogs3.take the bull by the horns4.horse of a different color5.let the cat out of the bag6.for the birds7.straight fro

21、m the horses mouth8.be fishy9.cat got your tongue与身体有关的：10.get in someones hair11.shoot off ones mouth12.jump down someones throat13.get off someones back14.tongue-in-check15.pull someones leg16.play it by ear17.stick out ones neck18.shake a leg19.all thumbs20.not have a leg to stand on五、谚语五、谚语谚语不同于

22、上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子谚语不同于上面的四种习语，习语一般起到句子成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语成分的作用，而谚语往往起到句子的作用。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语一般以句子的形式出现，表示判断或推理。谚语是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓

23、意深刻。是人民智慧的结晶，语言简练，寓意深刻。如：如：如：如：He that sups with the devil must have a He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.long spoon.The pot calls the kettle black.The pot calls the kettle black.The mills of God grind slowly.The mills of God grind slowly.He laughs best who laughs last.He laughs best

24、 who laughs last.One cannot make a silk purse out of a sowOne cannot make a silk purse out of a sow s s ear.ear.1.Birds of a feather flock together.2.In unity there is strength.3.It takes two to tango.4.A man is known by the company he keeps.5.Misery loves company.6.Too many cooks spoil the broth.7.

25、Two heads are better than one.8.Twos company,but threes a crowd.9.Do as I say,not as I do.10.If you cant beat them,join them.11.If you cant stand the heat,get out of the kitchen.12.Look before you leap.13.May hay while the sun shines.14.Strike while the iron is hot.15.The way to a mans heart is thro

26、ugh his stomach.16.Curiosity killed the cat.17.Dont bite the hand that feeds you.18.Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched.19.Dont look a gift horse in the mouth.20.The road to hell is paved with good intentions.21.The first step is always the hardest.III.英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义

27、关系一、一、一、一、无理据习语无理据习语无理据习语无理据习语(de-motivated idioms)de-motivated idioms)。习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联系习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联系习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联系习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义已经丧失联系,整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个整个习语的意义已经不能从构成这一习语的各个词的意义中得出来了。词的意义中得出来了。词的意义中得出来了。词的意义中得出来了。这一类习语可称之为无理据习语这

28、一类习语可称之为无理据习语这一类习语可称之为无理据习语这一类习语可称之为无理据习语(de-motivated de-motivated idioms)idioms)。如如如如：fly off the handle,fly off the handle,between the devil and the deep blue sea,between the devil and the deep blue sea,drop the pilot,drop the pilot,wear ones heart on ones sleeve.wear ones heart on ones sleeve.二、

29、有理据习语二、有理据习语二、有理据习语二、有理据习语(motivated idioms),motivated idioms),习语的意义与构习语的意义与构习语的意义与构习语的意义与构成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系成这习语的词的意义有一定联系 这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各这一类习语的意义虽然不是由构成该习语的各个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申个词的意义合

30、成的，但却是由整个词组的意义引申出来的。出来的。出来的。出来的。所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语所以是有理据习语(motivated idioms)motivated idioms)。这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是这类习语的特征之一是形象化形象化形象化形象化，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色，带有隐喻或明喻色彩。彩。彩。彩。如：如：如：如：eager beaver,eager beaver,as cool as a cucumber,as cool as a cucumber,smooth tongue,smooth tongu

31、e,put a spoke in ones wheels,put a spoke in ones wheels,dance attendance on,dance attendance on,as easy as rolling off a log.as easy as rolling off a log.这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：这一类习语的另一个特征是：由组成习语的各个由组成习语的各个由组成习语的各个由组成习语的各个词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。词的字面意义引申出转义。如如如如：draw the

32、curtaindraw the curtain 拉开、拉上帘子拉开、拉上帘子-结结束或掩盖束或掩盖 drag ones feet drag ones feet 拖着脚步走拖着脚步走-故意拖拉故意拖拉IV 英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩一、修辞色彩/修辞方法修辞方法 英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言英语习语言简意赅，表达方式简洁洗炼，语言生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的

33、修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种生动活泼，具有浓厚的修辞色彩。不少习语利用各种修辞手段。修辞手段。修辞手段。修辞手段。如：如：如：如：a.a.对比手段对比手段对比手段对比手段 hit or miss hit or miss make neither head or tail of sth.make neither head or tail of sth.make or mar,make or mar,sink or swim,sink or swim,rain or shine rain or shine b.b.词语的重复词语的重复词语的重复词语的重复 neck and neck,neck and

34、 neck,out and out/through and through out and out/through and through round and round round and round c.c.意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用意义相近的词语起强调作用 by leaps and bounds,by leaps and bounds,pick and choose,pick and choose,with might and main,with might and main,chop and change,chop and change,d

35、.d.利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语利用押头韵的手段构成习语 neck or nothing,neck or nothing,hum and haw,hum and haw,rough and ready,rough and ready,as blind as a bat as blind as a bat as large as life as large as life二、语体色彩二、语体色彩一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语习语属于口语语体。但由于习一般来说，大部分英语

36、习语属于口语语体。但由于习语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语语含义深刻并富于形象性，所以会经常出现在其他语体中。体中。体中。体中。一、属于语言的共核部分的习语一、属于语言的共核部分的习语一、属于语言的共核部分的习语一、属于语言的共核部分的习语如：如：如：如：We dont usually admit anyone under the age of We dont usually admit anyone under the age of twenty-one to our meetings,

37、but I think we might twenty-one to our meetings,but I think we might stretch a point stretch a point in your case.in your case.二、带有口语色彩的习语二、带有口语色彩的习语二、带有口语色彩的习语二、带有口语色彩的习语如：如：如：如：He likes to He likes to let on let on that he is an expert in electronics.that he is an expert in electronics.Dont take w

38、hat he says too much to heart,hes just Dont take what he says too much to heart,hes just letting off steam letting off steam.If youve got a complaint,the best thing is to see the If youve got a complaint,the best thing is to see the person concerned and person concerned and have it out withhave it o

39、ut with him.him.三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语三、带有俚语色彩的习语如：如：如：如：As soon as they realized that there was likely to be As soon as they realized that there was likely to be trouble,his companions deserted him and left trouble,his companions deserted him and left him to him to carry the cancarry the

40、 can.(fair weather friend).(fair weather friend)They used to They used to chew the ragchew the rag after dinner.after dinner.同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。同一个习语在不同语境中有不同意义和语体色彩。如：如：如：如：John kept at the job until he John kept at the job until he cleanedcleaned it i

41、t up.up.The company The company cleaned upcleaned up in real estate.in real estate.To keep the enemy from crossing the river they To keep the enemy from crossing the river they blew up blew up the bridge.the bridge.He relieved his feeling of annoyance by He relieved his feeling of annoyance by blowi

42、ng blowing up up his assistants.his assistants.V.英语习语的应用英语习语的应用一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法功能一、英语习语的句法功能 语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不语法功能与结构成份有其一致的一面，也有其不一致的一面。一致的一面。一致的一面。一致的一面。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。单从表层结构不能判断其句法功能。如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓

43、语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，如：以动词为中心构成的习语多半在句中起谓语作用，这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定这可从动词性习语的结构中加以判定。pick and choose,round up,kick over the traces.pick and choose,round up,kick over the traces.由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结构由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结构由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起

44、结构由名词为中心构成的习语比较复杂，不能只从起结构上确定其句法功能。上确定其句法功能。上确定其句法功能。上确定其句法功能。part and parcel:part and parcel:Microbiology is Microbiology is part and parcelpart and parcel of biology.of biology.微生物学是生物学的微生物学是生物学的组组成部分。成部分。a bed of rose:A teachers job is not a bed of roses.a bed of rose:A teachers job is not a bed o

45、f roses.有的有的有的有的习语习语习语习语形式上似乎是名形式上似乎是名形式上似乎是名形式上似乎是名词词词词性性性性结结结结构，而构，而构，而构，而实际实际实际实际上并上并上并上并 非是名非是名非是名非是名词词词词性性性性习语习语习语习语。pepper and salt pepper and salt His hair is pepper and salt.His hair is pepper and salt.heart and soul heart and soul We must serve the people We must serve the people heart and

46、soulheart and soul.我我们们必必须须全心全意地全心全意地为为人民服人民服务务。tooth and nail tooth and nail That woman fought That woman fought tooth and nailtooth and nail during the war to during the war to protect her children.protect her children.那个那个妇妇女在那女在那场战场战争中竭尽全力的保争中竭尽全力的保护护她的孩子。她的孩子。同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之

47、分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也同一个习语也有及物和不及物之分，而且意义也 不相同。不相同。不相同。不相同。如：如：如：如：clear up clear up It will probably It will probably clear upclear up this afternoon.this afternoon.今天下午天气大概将晴朗。今天下午天气大概将晴朗。His responsibility is to His responsibility is to clear upclear up the mess.the mess.他的他的责责任是收拾任是收拾这这个个

48、烂摊烂摊子。子。knock about knock about We just want to go to Beijing,and We just want to go to Beijing,and knock aboutknock about for a for a few Days.few Days.我我们们想去北京，在那儿几天到想去北京，在那儿几天到处处逛逛逛逛。The ship was badly knocked The ship was badly knocked aboutabout by storm.by storm.船被暴船被暴风风雨雨击击打得很打得很厉厉害。害。二、英语习语与

49、其他词语的搭配二、英语习语与其他词语的搭配二、英语习语与其他词语的搭配二、英语习语与其他词语的搭配要精确地使用英语习语，除了掌握其语法功能之外，要精确地使用英语习语，除了掌握其语法功能之外，要精确地使用英语习语，除了掌握其语法功能之外，要精确地使用英语习语，除了掌握其语法功能之外，还需要注意该习语与哪些词语经常搭配使用。还需要注意该习语与哪些词语经常搭配使用。还需要注意该习语与哪些词语经常搭配使用。还需要注意该习语与哪些词语经常搭配使用。根据与习语搭配使用的词语，还可判定习语的确切意根据与习语搭配使用的词语，还可判定习语的确切意根据与习语搭配使用的词语，还可判定习语的确切意根据与习语搭配使用的

50、词语，还可判定习语的确切意义。如：义。如：义。如：义。如：gain on gain on The The horsemenhorsemen were rapidly gaining were rapidly gaining onon their enemy.their enemy.骑骑兵兵们们迅速追上了迅速追上了敌敌人。人。The The seasea has been gaining on the east coast of England has been gaining on the east coast of England for many years.for many years.