续写中的衔接与连贯-2023年新高考英语读后续写提分技能.docx

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1、2023年新高考英语读后续写提分技能2.01续写中的衔接与连贯知识回顾高考英语作文的评分标准强调文章语言的“连贯性”和“复杂性高考英语作文最高一档 的给分范围和要求：“覆盖所有的内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词 汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力； 能有效地使用语句问的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑工显然，考生要得高分，除了文章要点 全、语法正、表达准、结构整、逻辑顺、卷面洁外，考生还得掌握句型与词语的运用及行文 （过渡承启）技巧，以增强语言的表达力和文章的逻辑性，提高文章档次。语篇结构的“连贯性”在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。“连贯性

2、”主要是就句子之 间的衔接和文章段落的过渡而言的。它要求段落中句与句之间、全文段落与段落之间的组织 与安排以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序进行，做到条理清楚、层次清楚。这样的篇章结构才 能让评卷老师迅速而准确地捕捉文章信息。反之，表达顺序混乱、前言不搭后语的文章会因 “缺乏可读性”而被判为较低的得分档次。因此，英语读后续写中，考生就必然要关注促进 语篇连贯的衔接方式的使用。读后续写常用语篇衔接手段分析1 .照应照应指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系，即在语篇中某个名词或概念第二次或重复出 现时应使用恰当的代词或其他成分替代它。根据韩礼德和哈桑的观点，英语中的照应主要分 为3类：人称照应、指示照应、比

3、拟照应。（1）人称照应：人称照应是通过人称代词（如I、you、he、she、they、him、her them 等）、所属限定词（如your、his、her、their等）和所属代词（如mine、his hers theirs等） 来实现的。（2）指示照应：用于指示照应的词也可以分为3类：名词性指示词：this、that、these、 those；定冠词 the；副词性指示词：her, their now then。（3）比拟照应：比拟照应指使用一些有比拟意义的形容词或副词的比拟级表达连贯的 语义（如 same、as、so equal、such similarly differentlyoth

4、er otherwise likewise 等 表示的照应关系）。2.替代和省略（1）替代：替代是用其他词代替上文的提及的内容，这样可以防止重复，到达语言凝 Valencia says.One day, I spotted Valencia on campus. He said he would have to stop taking classes that term and reapply for next year. By then, he hoped to have earned enough money from construction jobs and have his stud

5、ent-loan papers in order. But he said he was still coming to campus to attend events or see friends. He asked whether he could still sit in on my class.Sure, I said. But he wouldnt get any credit.No problem, he said.Soon there he was again, back at his old desk, front and center, jumping into our di

6、scussions on how to find and tell stories in Los Angeles-a 63-year-old junior with as much energy and curiosity as any of the youngsters in class.A lot of Valencias classmates apparently knew he couldnt afford that terms tuition but was still doing the homework.“Here he is, willingly taking a class

7、fbr the joy of it and benefit of learning, says Jessica Espinosa, a 25-year-old junior. You dont see that in our generation.Valencia showed up and took the final exam too. Afterward, students were chatting, and I happened to hear Valencia say he wanted to stay in school until he earned a masters deg

8、ree, and before that it had taken him 12 years to finish college.Twelve years?I needed to hear more.注意：1 .续写词数应为150左右；.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Born into a poor big family, life was not easy for young Valencia.In the years that followed, Valencia struggled to finish college.【答案】Born into a poor big family,

9、 life was not easy for young Valencia. He was so poor that he often did not know where his next meal was coming from. But he has always been full of desire for learning. When he was thirteen, he began to work in construction. He didnt give up his dream of going to school. He went to school while mak

10、ing money. Although it was hard, learning brought him hope and strength. After unremitting efforts, he was finally admitted to the college. He felt excited and happy.In the years that followed, Valencia struggled to finish college. He was in and out of school, he said, subject to his work schedule a

11、nd whether he had money for classes. He had earned his associate of arts degree over the summer, then transferred to Cal State LA to start on his bachelors. He believes that learning is the most important thing in life and age cant hinder your pace of learning. He always says its never too old to le

12、arn.2. （2022.山东泰安.三模）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构 成一篇完整的短文。A Christmas Goose Kept Them WarmThis late in December, my younger brother, Buddy Earl, and I were on an important mission: Go to Uncle Tommies place and get a goose. The hike over Little Mountain and back to get there would be worth it. Uncl

13、e Tommie raised the best geese around, and hed offered to give us one fbr Christmas dinner.Dark clouds were gathering in the sky above and a cold wind came in from the north. The snow would be falling soon enough. Uncle Tommie met us at the door with a worried expression. “Im not rushing you boys of

14、f, “ he said, “but the way the wind is picking up, you better get the goose and head for home.”I didnt argue. Having scooped （迅速抱住）up a goose in the yard and held him tightly under my arm, I said a quick thank you and goodbye. Buddy and I had what we came for: the best Christmas dinner ever. A light

15、 snow started as we began climbing up Little Mountain. We didnt talk for a while. The snow came down harder and the wind seemed to blow straight through my coat. I stroked（轻抚）the gooses head and said , “I wish we had feathers to keep us warm like you, or heavier coats.”The goose hid his head closer

16、to his feathered body. By the time we reached the top of the mountain, both Buddy Earl and I were in horror. We could barely see through the snow spinning （旋转）around us. Thunder crashed and flashes of lightning made the trees appear as giant monsters reaching out with fingers.“Doug, Pm freezing J Bu

17、ddy Earl said. I think we should go back. But we were closer to home than to Uncle Tommies house. We had to push on. I was so cold, my legs getting so stiff, I honestly wondered if we would make it.1 grasped Uncle Tommie5 s goose closer to my chest. That bird was the only thing warm about me.注意：1 .续

18、写词数应为150左右；.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。With an idea occurring to me, I stepped to my brother and asked him to open his coat.Settled in front of the warm stove, we explained how the goose had kept us from freezing.【答案】With an idea occurring to me, I stepped to my brother and asked him to open his coat. Are yo

19、u crazy?” he was confused. When he saw I was serious he slowly unzipped his coat and opened it. I placed the warm goose inside his coat and zipped it back up. Keep the gooses head out so he can breathe.Buddy Earl sighed happily. My plan was working. We passed the goose back and forth between us all

20、the way down. He didnt complain about it either. At the foot of the mountain, we left the wind and whirring snow behind. When Mum met us with her open arms. I showed Mum the goose inside my coat.Settled in front of the warm stove, we explained how the goose had kept us from freezing, We cant have ti

21、me for dinner,“ Buddy Earl and I said in chorus. This goose might have saved our lives. We had to save his! Mama agreed and promised not to eat him either. I dont remember what we ate. I just know it wasnt goose. Charley, as we named him, lived out his life piddling around the yard and pond, bossing

22、 around the chickens we kept for eggs. Daddy even bought a couple more geese to keep Charley company. A life as the most important bird this side of Little Mountain was fitting for our hero and the answer to my prayer.练,语句连贯的目的。替代有名词性替代（如one、ones some等）、动词性替代（如do、 does did doing done 等）和从句性替代（如 so、n

23、ot 等）。（2）省略：省略的作用同替代相似，省略可以使上下语义联系紧密，强调作者要表达 的中心意思。省略大致分为3类：名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略。2 .连接词连接词指表示能把两个或多个短句衔接起来的表达一定逻辑关系的词。韩礼德（1976） 把它们表示的关系分为4大类：增补（如and、also too furthermore等）、转折或比照（如 but yet still nevertheless though、while however 等）、原因或结果（如 because、for as since 等）和时间（如 first、second、third 等）。3 .词汇衔接词汇衔接指

24、通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、整体与局部等关系来使语篇语 义连贯。,方法策略表1:高考英语读后续写中的衔接手段举例试题句子表达举例衔接手段分析2016/10,浙江By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom. Im going to find a better spot for us to camp ” and walked away.照应：she/us 连接词： so.that./and2017/6,浙江As Mac pedaled （骑行）along alone, he thou

25、ght fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.照应：he/them词汇衔接：as/and2018/6,浙江It was so peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to create a magic scene. It looked like

26、 a beautiful woven（编织的）blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.照应：it/us 连接词：and2020/1,浙江The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.照应：there2020,新高考I卷“I wish you could see him/ she said to her own children, John, Harry, and Clara. He is such a help to his mother. He wants ve

27、ry much to earn some money, but I dont see what he can do.”照应：her/his 连接词：and/but2021/1,浙江My excitement was short-livedI got into a panicas 1 pressed firmly against the table and moved my head around trying to find the right angle， but it was no use. I cant get it out!” I shouted, my voice sounding

28、unnaturally loud in the enclosed space.照应：my/I连接词：as/and/but2021年，新高 考I卷But Jeffs hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him put his hand in cold water. Then she caught the smell of burning. Oh dear! The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.照应：he/his连接词：and/b

29、ut/then/as well实现读后续写语篇衔接与连贯策略一、整体审视语篇，确定话题主题文章语篇的连贯是以内容的合理布局为前提的。因此，要想写出一篇高分作文，审题是 关键的一步，一般坚持以下几个步骤：(1)审读情景材料：即对试题所提供的“情景”(包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容 等)及其“形式”(一般为图画、图表、提纲等)予以全面的了解，同时不可忽视最后提供的“注 帝” O(2)提取主题思想：在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，即作文的 中心。它是全文成败的关键所在，因为“评分说明”明确指出：“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文章的中心不超 出高中生学习和日常生活中的所

30、见所闻。(3)进行信息取舍：确定主题之后，就要依据所需文体(多为应用文、记叙文或说明文), 围绕中心对所获取的信息进行筛选，以突出重点。(4)列举表述要点：这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖了所有内容要点， 动笔写作之前，最好在草稿纸上列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。(5)确定主题句：段落通常由一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、 论证该主题的开展句构成。段落的主题句非常重要，对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。一 般情况下，主题旬的位置都在段落的开头，清楚明了地告诉读者该段落将要陈述的内容。为 了便于展开下文，主题句一般要具备以下两个特点：内容要明确具体，具有特定性和单

31、一性，切忌笼统。比拟：a. Learning English is important.Learning English is important for middle school students.b. Tom is a good student.Tom is a hard-working student.上述例句中的第二句要比第一句具体、明确得多。语言要简洁，开门见山。如下面是题为“Honesty(谈老实广一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On

32、 the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.二、拓展主题语句，注意语篇连贯主题句仅仅是提出基本观点，而要使评卷老师理解你的观点，就必须展开主题，就要考 虑如何组织安排语句，也就是说，文章词与词、句与句之间必须衔接密切，具有连贯性。因 此，文章语句和段落就要进行适当排序，并要根据所表达的具体内容选择适当的连接方式, 常用的方法有以下几种：(1)巧用过渡词语，理顺句子逻辑关系。为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体，增 强文章的说服力和感染力，保证

33、段落或文章的连贯，考生应该在句子与句子之间，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语，使文意表达清晰、流畅。过渡连接词按 语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型：（见下表）表2：过渡衔接词举例例如:逻辑关系常见过渡词语表示添加信 息and, also, too, besides, moreover, as well as, either.or, neither.nor., furthermore, in addition, what is more, not only.but also, worse still表示转折关 系but, yet, however, although, on the o

34、ther hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, nevertheless, in spite of, on the contrary, whereas, in contrast表示递进关 系besides, again, moreover, worse still, above all, certainly, furthermore, whafs more, in addition, important of all, to make matter worse表示因果关 系so, for, therefore, as a result, because,

35、 owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, since, thus, hence, on account of, consequently, as a consequence, it follows that.表示条件关 系as(so)long as, if, unless, on condition that表示解释、说 明关系actually, in fact, such as, for example / instance, and so on, according to, after all, even, indeed, it is time, o

36、f course, specifically, truly, namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the truth, an illustration of, to be specific, to illustrate表示强调Indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, truly, especially, no doubt, without any doubt, obviously, above all, It is.that.表75时间顺 序关系now, after, after

37、 that, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, soon, suddenly, before, when, while, as, during, first.second., then, in the end, afterwards, after a while, immediately, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, not.until, eventually表示

38、空间顺 序关系on the right / left, in the middle / center of / back / front of, here, there, next to, on one side of.on the other side of, on the foot / top / end表小结论as you know, as far as I know, on the whole, in ones opinion, in short, in brief, in a word, in generalThe room was disgusting. By the far wi

39、ndow was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where 1 was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers.(通过选 择参照物，然后巧妙运用表示空间顺序的连接词，给读者一个清楚的空间观念。用准确的方 位词说明空间的具体位置，就仿佛给了阅卷老师一幅

40、空间布置图或导游图。)（2）使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度。平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，其中既 有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。重复使用相同的结构，不仅能使句子或段落节 奏匀称，还可以起到强调或承上启下的作用，从而引起评卷老师的注意。词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思，也必然让人把眼前的句子与 前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句与句之 间的衔接更加紧密、顺畅。例如：a.I love life; I love nature; and I love peace.b. I am a boy of 17 and I am

41、 studying at high school now. I am good at English and Lean talk with foreign tourists in English freely.上述例子使用的是词汇的重复，下面的段落那么通过使用相同的语法结构保证了文章的连 贯与流畅。a.If I have the honor to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and di

42、scipline, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make fiends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.b. My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love

43、 them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Dont argue.（3）灵活运用代词，防止成分冗余。除了过渡性词语外，省略

44、、替代和所指等技巧同样可 以连句成段，防止罗嗦和重复，以保持段落的连贯性。名词或代词是很重要的关系指引词, 它们不仅能指明句子内部某些词之问的关系，而且能沟通和建立句子和句子之间意义上的联 系，从而使段落中前后句子的意义逻辑地、有条理地联系起来，起到承上启下的作用。例如:a.However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who pre-reading articles about learning methods.（句中使用代词 that 代替 t

45、he number, those代替students,既防止了重复和单调，又显得简洁明了，过渡自然。）b.While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend.（句中关系代词which引导的非限制性定语使得主从句意义连贯。） 试比拟： While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice. From the notice I knew you were ea

46、ger to have a Chinese friend.（4）巧用同义反义词，文章连贯中见文采。同义词与反义词用得好，可以防止出现单词重复, 防止文章内容单调。文章在连贯的同时还能适当增加文采，给人耳目一新的感觉。例如：I like music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life. In fact, I like meeting people and enjoy talki

47、ng with them. Believing we all need help from each other, I appreciate friends help and I am willing to help anyone in need.（5）巧用分词短语或独立结构。简化句子结构可以增强表达效果。巧妙利用分词短语或 独立主格结构能使句子化繁为简，把复合句变为简单句；恰当使用独立成分可以使句子的表 达形式丰富多样，从而起到增强语言表达效果的作用。它们各有特点：分词要坚持逻辑主语 一致原那么，而独立主格结构要坚持主语不一致原那么；独立成分为约定成俗的固定形式，不受 逻辑主语限制。如：Ju

48、dging from.，Frankly speaking （To be frank）等。试看以下句子：（l）Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching.（分词 短语）（2）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. =If weather permits we are going to visit you tomorrow.（独立主格结构）试比拟以下两个例句：（原句）The driver escaped; he left the old man lying on the road.修正句）The driver escaped, leaving the old man lying on the road.（分词短语）（6）使用同位语。防止重复，明晰句意。同位语的应用不仅能防止重复，还可以使文章 表述自然、流畅，起到很好的连接作用。例如：Also we can both write and talk to each OtheT on