考研真题2021年考研英语真题和答案.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！考研真题 2021 年考研英语真题和答案 20XX 年考研真题 20XX 年考研英语真题和答 案 20XX 年考研英语真题和答案 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence

2、always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer,that there is an 4 in not be

3、ing too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it 5 out,is a high-priced option.It 第 1 页共 31 页 takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things theyve 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档

4、，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！apparently learned is when to 8.Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence?Thats the question behind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our

5、own intelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that 15 anim

6、als ran the labs,they would test us to 第 2 页共 31 页 16 the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17,not merely how much of it there is.18 ,they would hope to study a 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！

7、19 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1.A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine 2.A tended B feared C happened D threatened 3.A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer 4.A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority 5.A insists on B sums up C

8、 turns out D puts forward 6.A off B behind C over D along 7.A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual 8.A fight B doubt C stop D think 9.A invisible B limited C indefinite D different 第 3 页共 31 页 10.A upward B forward C afterward D backward 11.A features B influences C results D costs 12.A ou

9、tside B on C by D across 13.A deliver B carry C perform D apply 14.A 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance 15.A if B unless C as D lest 16.A moderate B overe C determine D reach 17.A at B for C after D with 18.A Above all B After all C Howev

10、er D Otherwise 19.A fundamental B prehensive C equivalent D hostile 20.A 第 4 页共 31 页 By accident B In time C So far D Better still Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHE

11、ET 1.(40 points)Text1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious fort of familiar routine.“Not 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！choice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the 19t

12、h century.In the ever-changing 21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic

13、paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that 第 5 页共 31 页 can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocus,theyre there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves

14、create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of“The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to decide,just as our preside nt c

15、alls himself the Decider.”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware,she says.Resea

16、rchers in the late 第 6 页共 31 页 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty,however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thoug

17、ht that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system tha

18、t anyone can do anything,”explains M.J.Ryan,author of the 20 xx book“This Year I Will.”and Ms.Markovas business partner.“Thats 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters monness.Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.

19、”This is where developing new habits es in.21.第 7 页共 31 页 The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided 23.”ruts”(in line one,paragraph 3)has

20、 closest meaning toA.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections 24.Ms.Markovas ments suggest that the prac tice of standard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formed B,no longer emphasizes monness C,maintains the inherent American thinking model D,plies with the 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权

21、请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！American belief system 第 8 页共 31 页 25.Ryan most probably agree that A.ideas are born of a relaxing mind B.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D.curiosity activates creative minds Text 2 It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today

22、a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom C or at least confirm that hes the kids dad.All he needs to do is shell our$30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore C and another$120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first bee available without

23、 prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog,chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen panies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship test

24、ing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-第 9 页共 31 页 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing s

25、aliva in the mouth and sending it to the pany for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to pare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing an cestry testing,”says Trey Duster,a New York University sociol

26、ogist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can

27、 reveal geic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for exle,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics 第 10 页共 31 页 also argue that mercial geic testing is only as good as the referenc

28、e 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！collections to which a sle is pared.Databases used by some panies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the pany that pro

29、cesses the results.In addition,the puter programs a pany uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2,the text shows PTKs _.Aeasy availability Bflexibility in pricing C successful promotion D popularity with households 2

30、7.PTK is used to _.Alocate ones birth place Bpromote geic research C identify parent-child kinship D choose children for adoption 28.Skeptical 第 11 页共 31 页 observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.Atrace distant ancestors B rebuild reliable bloodlines C fully use geic 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，

31、如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！information D achieve the claimed accuracy 29.In the last paragraph,a problem mercial geic testing faces is _.Adisorganized data collection B overlapping database building 30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.AFors and Againsts of DNA testing B DNA test

32、ing and Its problems CDNA testing outside the lab D lies behind DNA testing Text 3 The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and i

33、ntellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest 第 12 页共 31 页 priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational systems there and pu

34、tting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher prod

35、uctivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the

36、 poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories 第 13 页共 31 页 of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training

37、that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examing housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the plexity of the building industr ys work.What

38、is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it.After all,thats how education got started.Whe n our ancestor

39、s were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago,they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,h umanitys productivity potential,they could in turn afford mo

40、re education.This 第 14 页共 31 页 increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the plex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may b

41、e possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing m

42、ore quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1 that the important of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgraded D has been overestimated 32.It is stated in parag

43、raph 第 15 页共 31 页 1 that construction of a new education system _.Achallenges economists and politicians Btakes efforts of generations C demands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workf

44、orce is better disciplined B the Japanese workforce is more productive Cthe U.S workforce has a better education D the U.S workforce is more organize 34.The author es the exle of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways of finding food C whe

45、n people on longer went hung D as a result of pressure on government 35.According to the last paragraph,development of education _.A 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！results directly from petitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D

46、cannot afford political changes Text 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new 第 16 页共 31 页 world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“So much important a

47、ttached to intellectual pursuits”According to many books and articles,New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans the

48、ological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England co

49、lonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！education and influence in England.Besides 第 17 页共 31 页 the niy or so l

50、earned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,an