2021考研英语(一)真题.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2021 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题及答案 考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of

2、intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It _(1)in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then_(2)starts to slowly decline as we age.But_(3)aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that

3、certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the_(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the_(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_(6)this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that_(7

4、)measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and_(8)that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people_(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence

5、as the years_(11).For women,the association may be_(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be_(13)It is hoped that future studies could_(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_(15)for men and women._(16)there are steps

6、 you can_(17)to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental _(18).The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_(20)that is high in

7、fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.【题干】1._【选项】欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A.pauses B.return C.peaks D.fades 2.【题干】2._【选项】A.alternatively B.formally C.accidentally D.generally 3.【题干】3._【选项】A.while B.since C.once D.until 4.【题干】4._【选项】A.detection B.accumulation C.consumpti

8、on 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！D.separation 5.【题干】5._【选项】A.possibility B.decision C.goal D.requirement 6.【题干】6._【选项】A.delay B.ensure C.seek D.utilize 7.【题干】7._【选项】A.modify B.supported C.included D.predicted 8.【题干】8._ 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！【选项】A.devoted B.c

9、ompared C.converted D.applied 9.【题干】9._【选项】A.with B.above C.by D.against 10.【题干】10._【选项】A.above B.managed C.scored D.played 11.【题干】11._【选项】A.ran out B.set off 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C.drew in D.went by 12.【题干】12._【选项】A.superior B.attributable C.parallel D.resistant 13.【题干】13.

10、_【选项】A.restored B.isolated C.involved D.controlled 14.【题干】14._【选项】A.alter B.spread C.remove D.explain 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！15.【题干】15._【选项】A.compensations B.symptoms C.demands D.treatments 16.【题干】16._【选项】A.Likewise B.Meanwhile C.Therefore D.Instead 17.【题干】17._【选项】A.change B.

11、watch C.count D.take 18.【题干】18._【选项】A.well-being 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B.process C.formation D.coordination 19.【题干】19._【选项】A.level B.love C.knowledge D.space 20.【题干】20._【选项】A.design B.routine C.diet D.prescription Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the f

12、ollowing four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travellin

13、g by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the of

14、ficial Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensione

15、r from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrast

16、ructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of s

17、ervice for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Govern

18、ment has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers w

19、ill not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if

20、 the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.【题干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_.【选项】A.will ease train operations burden.B.has kept pace with inflation.C.is a big surprise to commuters.D.remains an unreasonable measure.22.【题干】The stockbrok

21、er in 2 is used to stand for_.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！【选项】A.car drivers B.rail travellers C.local investors D.ordinary taxpayers 23.【题干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_.【选项】A.are offering compensations to commuters.B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.C.h

22、ave failed to provide an adequate service.D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.24.【题干】If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face_.【选项】A.the loss of investment.B.the collapse of operations.C.a reduction of revenue D.a change of ownership.25.【题干】Which of the following

23、would be the best title for the text?【选项】A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesnt Work 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesias bleak rate

24、of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called

25、 conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems amo

26、ng children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental

27、 degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more mo

28、ney,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical for

29、est in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects o

30、f the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makesh

31、ift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether t

32、his research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is mo

33、re than the program costs.26.【题干】According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to_.【选项】A.facilitate health care reform.B.help poor families get better off.C.improve local education systems.D.lower deforestation rates.27.【题干】The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_.【选项】A.c

34、attle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.B.CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.D.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28.【题干】In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intend

35、s to find out_.【选项】A.its acceptance level of CCTs.B.its annual rate of poverty alleviation.C.the relation of ccts to its forest loss.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！D.the role of its forests in climate change.29.【题干】According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in

36、 that_.【选项】A.it will benefit other Asian countries.B.it will reduce regional inequality.C.it can protect the environment.D.it can boost grain production.30.【题干】What is the text centered on?【选项】A.The effects of a program.B.The debates over a program.C.The process of a study.D.The transferability of a

37、 study.As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Ive found quite a few,and-since I star

38、ted posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common exp

39、erience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！

40、我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)cou

41、ld take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were mu

42、ch quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by todays digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Vict

43、orians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A fl

44、ashing set of healthy and clean,regular pearly whites rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall perf

45、ormers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be nothing more damning than a silly,fool

46、ish smile fixed forever.31.【题干】According to Paragraph 1,the authors posts on Twitter._【选项】A.changed peoples impression of the Victorians.B.highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies.C.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image.D.illustrated the development of Victorian photography.欢

47、迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！32.【题干】What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?_【选项】A.They are in popular use among historians.B.They are rare among photographs of that age.C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D.They show effects of different exposu

48、re times.33.【题干】What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?_【选项】A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.B.Their tension before the camera.C.Their distrust of new inventions.D.Their unhealthy dental condition.34.【题干】Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of sm

49、iles in pictures was_.【选项】A.a deep-root belief.B.a misguided attitude.C.a controversial view.D.a thought-provoking idea.35.【题干】Which of the following questions does the text answer?_ 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！【选项】A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.Why did the

50、Victorians start view photographs?C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband