2022年初中英语语法基础知识总结.docx
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1、精品_精品资料_中学英语 语法基础学问总结一、名词1. 可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式.复数名词构成法如下:以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词加 -es(除 stomach).以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 要变 y 为-ies.但以元音字母加 y 结尾时直接加 -s. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词须直接加 -s 的,如:beliefs, proofs.变 f 或 fe 为-ves 的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieveswolves, shelves,.留意 handkerchief 的复数可直接加 -s
2、.也可变 f 为-ves.以 o 结尾直接加 -s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos ,photos,autos,radios.加-es,如: Negroes,heroes, potatoes.复数不规章的名词,如: man men, woman women, foot feet, goosegeese, ox oxen, child children,tooth teeth 等.单复数形式一样的名词, 如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works 等.2. 不行数名词不行数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专出名词. 以-ics 结
3、尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数.某些以 -s 结尾的表示单一事物的专出名词常用做单数.3. 名词的全部格(1) “所有s”格.一般名词后加 “.s如”: Tom s brother.s bag可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“.”如: the workers organization. 以-s 结尾的专出名词全部格,如以读音Z 结尾,一般可在名词右上方加 “,”也可加 “.s”如: Dickens /Dickens s.cup假如一样东西为两个人共有,就只有后一个名词加 “.s”假如不是共有的,两个名词后都要加 “.s”如:
4、Tom and Marys room(共有). Mary s and Tom s(cu不ps共有).(2) 表示无生命东西的名词, 通常采纳 of+名词的结构来表示全部关系,总的来讲 of 全部格是 s全部格的一种替换形式. 如:the class room of the school.(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加 “来s”构成全部格.如: todays newspap.er一、基本型写出以下名词的复数形式:1. pencil-box2. wife3. Sunday 4. city5. dress6. Englishman 7. match8. C
5、hinese9. zoo 10. exam11. German 12. I have a lot of作业 to do every day.13. His裤子 are new, but mine are old.14. It is the best one of the照 片 in my family.15. Are they building any图书馆 in the city.16. Can you cut this big pear into two半.17. At the end of八月, you must get ready for the new school year.可编辑
6、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_二、提高型来源:1. June 1st isDay all over the world.A. Child s B. Childs C. Children sD. Childrens2. September 10th isDay in China, isn t it.A. Teacher sB. Teachers C. TeacherDr .oTf eache is made of.A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses 3.This isnews.
7、A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good 4.Whatit is. Let s go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. fine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather5. They like Chinese.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people6. Lucy and I go to schoolevery day.A. on feetB. on footC.
8、by footsD. by buses17. What are you listening to, Jane.or.A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a news 8.How manyandare there in your class.A. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys onesC. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones 9.A group ofare talking with twoover
9、there.A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; GermenC. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans 10. That bus driver drank two.A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea 11. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of.A. Bob s motherB. Bob s mother sC. mother of BobD. Bob mother12. The tall man wi
10、th a big nose isteacher.A. Tom and CarlB. Tom s and Carl sC. Tom and Carls13. esterday a fewcame to visit somein Shantou.A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interestsC. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest14. hen autumn comes,of most trees turn yellow and then fall
11、 down.A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves二、冠词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1. 不定冠词 a, an表示 one 或 every.如: You have a mouth.表示某一类人、事或物,相当于any.如: A spade is a tool.用于某些固定词组中.如: a bit, a lot of.泛指某人或某物.如: A boy is waiting for her .用在 rather, many, what 等词之后.如: You are rather a fool.留意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面如加不定冠词,要用“an
12、.”2. 定冠词 the表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物.如:I am very interested in the book.表示独一无二的人或事物. 如:the world ,the sun,the moon,the earth.用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前.如: the young, the second story,the largest room.用在以 -ese,-ch,-sh 等结尾和表示国家、党派等专出名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前.如:the Changjiang River, the Great Lake.用在
13、方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中.如:in the west,on the right.用在形容词前表示一类人.如: the young, the dead.在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩.如:The Greens are sitting at the breakfast tabl.e可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物.如:The horse is a use-ful animal. 在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词.如:go to the cinema.3. 不加冠词(1) 一般专出名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人
14、名、的名等名词前不加冠词.如: America,China,Shanghai Railway Station.但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the.如: The milk in the bottle has gone bad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,指概念的 “一种 ”、“一类 ”、“一次 ”等时,用不定冠词.如:After a swim , he had a res.t(2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词全部格等限制时,不加冠词.如:This book is mine.(3) 季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词. 如:Su
15、mmer is thewarmest season of the yea.r 假如月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词.如: Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2022.(4) 表示语言学科名称、 球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词. 如:He is studying French in Paris.但是在 the Chinese language, the Englishlan-guage等中要用定冠词.(5) 在以 “一般名词或形容词最高级 +as”开头的让步状语从句中,前面不加冠词.如: Shortest as he is.用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠
16、词的空白处填“”1. Tomorrow isTeachers Day and well makecard for our English teacher.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. The bus is running about seventy mileshour.3. Mary is interested inscience.4. Some people dont like to talk attable.5. Last night I went tobed very late.6. Dont worry. We still havelittle time lef
17、t.7. Whatbeautiful day. And whatfine weather.8. Inwinter it is cold inBeijing and warm in Shanghai.9. John iscleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live withoutwater orair.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris,capital of France, for Washington byair.12. We were havinglunch when they came in.13. Th
18、is isbook you gave me last week.14. What did you dolast Saturday.15. March 8 isWomens Day.16. Ifweather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playingpiano to playingbasketball.18. Atage of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are ofsame age.20. harder we study,more we learn.
19、三、数词1. 基数词(1) 21 99 之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成.如24可写成 twenty-four .(2) 101 999 之间的三位数由 hundred加 and再加二位数或末位数构成.加 489 可写成 four hundred and eighty-nine.(3) 表示准确数目时,基数词 hundred,thousand, million , billion 不加 s.如 several hundred, ten million .但是表示不确定数目时,要用复数形式.如 hundreds of.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(4) 表示 “在几
20、十岁月 ”用“ in+the+逢十的数词复数 ”.如 in the1980s或 80.s2. 序数词一般由基数词加 -th 构成,前面一般加定冠词 the.如 the two hundredth.以 y 结尾的基数词构成序数词时, 把 y 改成 i,再加 -eth.如 the fiftieth .不规章的序数词有 first , second, third, fifth , eighth, ninth, twelfth .3其他几种数词(1) 分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词.分子大于 l 时,分母的序数词要用复数形式.如11/3 读做 three and two thir
21、ds 1/3 读做 oneathird.但 1/2 读做 oneahalf, 1/4 读做 oneaquarter.(2) 小数点读做 point. “零”读做 zero.带小数点的数字从左至右依次读出.如 0.2 读做 zero point two.(3) 百分数读做 percent.如 17读做 seventeen percen.t四、代词1. 人称代词人称代词的主格做主语.宾格做宾语或表语.2. 物主代词物主代词有两大类,一般形容词性物主代词做定语.名词性物主代词做主语、宾语和表语.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3. 反身代词反身代词由形容词性物主代词加 -self 或
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