2022年苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_牛津高中英语模块五第一单元一 动词不定式：带 to 的动词不定式带 to- 的动词不定式的结构是to+ 动词原形,如,to do, to work.它可以单独使用,也可以组成动词不定式短语.如： I was determined to be cheerful. 1带 to- 的动词不定式可以做：1） 句子的主语如： To finda bestfriendisdifficult.= Itisdifficulttofinda bestfriend.2） 句子的宾语如： I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1） 宾语不足语如： I

2、asked him to come over.2） 定语如： I have a very important meeting to attend.3） 同位语如： His intention was to cheer me up.4） 状语如： My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2带 to- 的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态如： Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 动词不定式：不带 to 的动词不定式1. 可用于不带 t

3、o 的动词不定式的动词有：1） let make have（有时候） 如： I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2) 感官动词： feel hear see watch如： I saw her talk to her new friends.3） would ratherhad better why not如： I would rather go swimming.You had better

4、tidy your bedroom可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Why not visit your cousin in Japan.注：感官动词后可以接v-ing如： I saw her talk to her new friend. 见证谈话的整个过程 I saw her talking to her new friend. 见证谈话正在发生,但不肯定见证整个谈话过程 2. 当有 and, or, except, but, than, rather than,连接两个动词不定式时,后一个不定式往往省略 to .如： She told me to be cheerful a

5、nd look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film. We had nothing to do but watch TV.I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing作名词1. V-ing可以充当名词用.可以被用做：1） 做主语（指一般性的动作）如： Swimming is good for your health.2） 做宾语（指一般性的动作）如： I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3) 介词之后如： I

6、keep fit by swimming every day.4） 物主代词之后如： Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：假如所谈论的人比较明确,那么物主代词可以省略.如： Thank you for coming.5） 组成复合名词如： There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2. 以下动词后面接v-ingAdmit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss fi

7、nish keep suggest3. 以下常用词组后面接v-ingWould you mindcannot helplook forward tofeel likecannot standit is no use/goodput offkeep on如： Would you mind helping me with my homework.I cannot help wondering why she does not like me. I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don t feel like doing anything now

8、. She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now. I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4. 以下动词后面可以接v-ing或 to do,意思上几乎没有区分.Continue prefer begin hate like start5. 一些动词后面既可以接v-ing ,也可以接 to do ,但意义和用法上有区分.在使用时要可编辑资料 - -

9、 - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_确保形式的正确.如,forget regret remembermeantrygo on forget+ to do 事情仍没做 如： He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing 事情已经做了 如： I ll never forget winning my first gold medal.其次单元一 V-ing充当形容词或副词1. v-ing可作：1） 定语v-ing可以放在名词前,像形容词一样修饰名词.如： This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v

10、-ing前.如： That was an extremely interesting speech. v-ing可以和副词或名词构成复合词.如： The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing可以放在名词后,像定语从句一样修饰名词,v-ing仍可以被改成定语从句.如： people runningthese factoriesare very concernedabout the environment.= Peop

11、le who run thesefactoriesare veryconcernedaboutthe environment.2） 表语如： This destruction is frightening.1） 宾语补足语如： We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2. v-ing可放在 stand, sit, lie的后面,表示动作同时发生.如： They stoodtalkingto each other.=Theystoodwhen theywere talkingtoeach other.3. v-ing有完成时态,如

12、,having worked如： Having worked sideby sidewithmany environmentalists,I know thata healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二 V-ing短语v-ing短语可以单独使用,后面也可以接宾语或状语.如： They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1. v-ing短语可以表示：1） 时间如： Askingaround,Ifindmany

13、 peoplewillingtopay slightlyhigherpricesfor可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many peoplewillingto pay slightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatare environmentallyfriendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facin

14、gthe biggestenvironmentalproblemofour time.= Afterhe observedthe problemfor many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problemof our time.2） 缘由如： We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish thatare not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes

15、 in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3） 结果如： The factorykeeps releasingsmoke, making the airdirty.= The factorykeeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.4) 条件如： Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achiev

16、e great things.2. 连词 +v-ing也可以来表示时间.常用的连词有：when whenever while onceuntil如： Wehave totakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhen developing the economy.3. v-ing从句的规律主语通常和主句的主语一样.如： He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, h

17、e kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket. 4否定形式是： not+v-ing如： He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元一 V-ed 形式v-ed 在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法.1. v-ed 可以被用作：1） 定语v-ed 放在名词的前面,像形容词一样修饰名词.V-ed 可以改成定语从句.如： IfIhad thechance,I would have a clonedbaby.=ifI had the chance,I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的 v

18、-ed 表达被动的含义. 但有些 v-ed表达过去的含义, 如,escaped retiredfallen.比较下面的短语：表被动： the highly praised scientist The scientist has been highly praised.表过去： the retired scientist The scientist has retired.有时候可以把副词放在v-ed 之前.如： well-trained teachersv-ed可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如： underdeveloped regionhan

19、dmade furniture v-ed 可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词.如： I thinkthe scientificadvances mentionedinyourarticleare interesting.=I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2） 表语如： My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3） 宾语补足语如： After the robbery, they found t

20、he front windows broken.2. v-ed 可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生.如：stand sit lie如： She lay trapped under the building for three days. She lay there and was trapped.二 V-ed 短语v-ed 短语可以是 v-ed 单独使用,也可以后面接宾语和/ 或状语.如： She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1. 表被动的

21、v-ed 短语可以表示：1）时间如： The scientisthas copieda human cell,assistedby recentadvances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assistedby recent advances in medical science. 2）缘由如： Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = Thewoman wrote

22、 a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3条件如： Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2. v-ed 形式有一个规律主语.在上述例子中,规律主语都是主句的主语.如： the scientist who was assisted by

23、 recent advances in medical sciencethe woman who was shocked by the articlethe cell tissue which is treated with electricity全部这些主语都跟主句的主语一样.三 V-ed 和 V-ing都可以做形容词1 v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉,在意义上通常是主动的.如： I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themse

24、lves in the future.2v-ed 形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉,在意义上通常是被动的,由于它表示我们可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_被一个动作所影响.如： I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语模块六第一单元时态的概要 1：现在时态现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间,包括一般现在时态,现在进行时态,现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态.1我们用一般现在时态来谈论：1） 现在或始终是正确的事情.如： I

25、 am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2） 常常发生的事情.如： The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called aprop. 2我们用现在进行时态来谈论：1） 现在正在发生或正在进行的动作如： The audience is laughing at the joke.I don t understand why I am not losin

26、g weight.2） 现在正在被方案,但在将来发生的动作.如： The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3） 重复发生的动作,和always 一起使用,通常带有否定的附加含义如： You are always making the same mistakes.Sue is always changing her mind.3. 我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的.它用于：1） 重复的经受

27、.如： He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2） 过去发生的事情,但对现在有影响的事情.如： Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer.Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3） 过去开头,但现在仍在发生的事情.如： People h

28、ave always enjoyed laughing.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4. 我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开头,连续到现在,并且仍有可能连续进行的事情.如： Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.其次单元时态的概要 2：过去

29、和将来时态过去时态用来谈论过去的事情,包括一般过去时态,过去进行时态,过去完成时态等.1. 我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经终止的事情.如： Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2. 我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去,并且连续了一段时间的事情.如： She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3. 我们用过去完成时态来谈论：1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经终止的事情.如： Instead of crying about wha

30、t she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2) 在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情.如： By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来争论将来的事情,包括一般将来时态,将来进行时态,过去将来时态等.1. 我们用一般将来时态来争论将来将要发生的事情.如： She will come with us t

31、o watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：1） willshall（用于供应有关将来的信息）如： I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2） be going to+do（用于谈论将来的方案和意图）如： Today,I m going to talk about how to find happiness.2. 我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要连续一段时间

32、的动作.如： Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3. 我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情.如： Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第三单元非真实条件句非真实条件句阐述的条件或情形是不真实的或是想象的.1. 我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件.如： If I got married

33、 in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2. 我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作.如： If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut.Ifthe man had pointedwithhisfirstfinge

34、rwhilehe was inBrunei,everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3. 我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情形.如： If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4. 非真实条件句的构成：现在If was/were/did , would/could/might do过去If had been/done , would/could/might havedone将来If was/were/did , would/could/might do注： would ,

35、 could , might 常常可以互换,但在意思上有一些不同.Would 表意图,方案.could表才能,可能性.might 表可能性非真实条件句仍有几点需要留意：1. 在书面英语或正式的场合中,我们通常用 were 来代替条件句中的was. 但在日常谈话中, was 也常常用到.如： If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2. 在表将来的非真实条件句中,仍可以用were to/should如： If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at th

36、e end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3. 在非真实条件句中,可以把if省略,把 should , were, had 放在条件句的前面.如： Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now. Were you to take the train, you would be there much soo

37、ner.4. 在 if从句中仍可以用到could+ have done来表示非真实的条件.如： If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第四单元非真实条件句：其它情形非真实条件句仍有以下其它情形. 1当主句是有关现在发生的事情,而从句是有关过去发生的事情,或相反,我们可以用混合的条件句.如： If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, yo

38、u would know theanswer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2. 我们用 otherwise, or,及以 with , without, but for开头的短语来替代if条件句, 来表达隐含的条件的意思.如： With if I had more money, I could help more people in need.Without If we didn t have the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people wor

39、king on projects would not be encouraged.But forthe Iftherewas no helpfromtheUN, thosewomenwould nothave been able to set up their mind.I m too busy now, otherwise/or If I weren t so busy I would help youdo the work.3. 我们也可以用 even if, as if, as though , if only来引导非真实条件句.如： I would never go there eve

40、n if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before. If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador.4. Wish 和 would rather后面可以表达非真实的情形.如： I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn t told me about it.牛津高中

41、英语模块七第一单元一 介词介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间,的点, 行动等等. 介词也可以放在v-ing的前面.1. 时间介词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_at, in, on, for, by和 since可以被用来表示时间.At 后接点时间, in 后接段时间, on 后接详细某一天. For 用来表示某事连续了多长时间,by 指的是不晚于什么时间 （到 为止）, since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止.其它表示时间的介词仍有during , after, before , between , from , until等.如： At that ti

42、me, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes. By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.th注：我们常常说 in the morni

43、ng/afternoon/evening,但当谈论详细的早上, 下午和晚上时, 就要用 on,如 on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5June.2. 的点介词at , in 和 on 是表示的点的介词. At 后接小的方或一个场合,in 后接大的方, on 表示在某个东西的表面.其它表示的点的介词仍有above, against, behind, between, by, near,opposite, under等.如： I ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and te

44、chnology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3. 行动介词介词 to 常常用来表示行动, 意思是“朝着方向” .其它的介词仍有 across,along,down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up等.如： The

45、inventionof the transistorled to the developmentof cassetterecorders.二 介词短语介词可以和动词,名词,和形容词连用构成介词短语.1. 介词与动词连用很多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组,如：agree with,look for,lookinto,head for,stand for.如： Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model. Do you have any in store.The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai. MD stands for MiniDisc.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. 介词与名词连用介词可以跟名词连用,如：in t