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1、阅读理解之科普类-2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（全国通用）目录一、热点题型归纳【题型一】寻找最佳标题或主旨题【题型二】推理判断题（包括写作目的题）【题型三】作者的观点态度题【题型四】例证题二、最新模考题组练拉卢敦型归病科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，每四篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章， 有的省份的考题甚至出现两篇科普文章，以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。因此，同 学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。【应对策略】.要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考真题情况 来看，这类阅读理解材料一般

2、不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待 一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学 们要把这部分作为重点。1 .结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。在进行推理判 断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the storage

3、 of food.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food.A. is more available to consumerscan meet individual nutritional needsis more tasty than food in supermarketscan keep all the nutrition in raw materials49. What is the main factor that prevents 3

4、D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.50. What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyA New Way to Improve

5、 3D Food PrintingThe Challenges for 3D Food Production3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了 3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍 面临着许多方面的挑战。46 .推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕 塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节 省了做饭的时间和精力。故

6、选B。47 .细节理解题。根据文章第三段 Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids （水解胶体）from plentiful renewables like algae（藻类）and grass to replace the familiar ingredients（烹饪原料）.可知，3D 打 E3 机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。48 .推理判断题。根据文章第四段 Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customizednutritional

7、content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打 印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。49 .细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必 须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。50 .主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了 3D打印技术在食物上

8、的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑 战。所以用标题 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology,故选 Ao【2018年高考北京卷C篇】Plastic-Eating Wormsgreater wax mothHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills（垃 圾填埋场），and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far the

9、re is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms

10、 on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste（糊 H天4勿）and applied it to plas

11、tic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes （酶）from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food 一 beeswax also

12、allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ishe explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involve

13、d in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itse

14、lf or by its gut microbes（月分道微生4勿）？Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process - not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. What can we

15、learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.43. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A. identify other means of the breakdownfind out the sourc

16、e of the enzymeconfirm the research findingsincrease the breakdown speed44. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A. help to raise wormshelp make plastic bagsbe used to clean the oceansbe produced in factories in future45. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To ex

17、plain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。43 .细节理解题。根据文章第三段 Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the s

18、tudy, says the worms9 ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现， 蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。44 .细节理解题。根据文章第四段 The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself o

19、r by its gut microbes（肠道微生物）?可知，下一步研究是辨清分 解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。45 .推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process 一 not simply ” millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. n 可以推断出，Bertocchini 希望这种化学物质 将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。46 .

20、写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句 So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process 一 not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the

21、 plastic. n 可知，Bertocchini 希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。2019年高考全国新课标I卷D篇】Ancient Fish Returns to Illinois WatersThe Illinois Department of Natural Resources is returning a fish called the alligator gar to the states rivers.Some people call the fish a “living fbssil. Experts believe the f

22、ish first appeared during the Early Cretaceous period more than 100 million years ago.Randy Sauer is an Illinois state fisheries biologist. He says the fish disappeared from the states rivers in the 1990s, although they have continued to do well in southern states. Sauer says biologists want to brin

23、g the fish back to northern rivers because it is important to have top predators to balance the species below them J he said.Sport fishermen like to try to catch the alligator gar. Alligator gar are the second-largest freshwater fish in North America. They can grow as large as 2.7 meters and weigh m

24、ore than 136 kilograms. Sauer says their large size is one reason they disappeared in the 1990s. Experts say alligator gars are opportunistic feeders.This means they will eat almost anything including small turtles or ducks. They also eat invasive species such as Asian and silver carp. Sauer hopes t

25、he re-introduction of the alligator gar will help the states efforts to control the carp. Because gar can live up to 60 years, the program will continue to increase for many years.Sauer notes that female alligator gars do “not sexually mature until 11 years, and the male not till 6 or 7 years.9,That

26、 means the biologists will try to raise and release a lot of fish early in the program to re-introduce them.“Were probably going to stock more heavily than 10 or 20 years down the road when hopefully these fish will find each other and start doing the job on their own,“ Sauer says.Small devices have

27、 been placed in 7,000 of the fish so they can be observed after they are released into the waterways of Illinois. As it rains and floods, biologists expect some of the fish will follow the rivers into the states of Louisiana and Texas.32.why people call the alligator garMiving fdssil”?A.They can gro

28、w up to 2.7 meters.B.They can grow up to 136 kilograms.C.Their fossil can be found on earth.D.They have existed fbr over 100 million years.33.Biologists will bring the alligator gar back to northern rivers in order to.A.keep the species balance.B.help people make more money.C.help to protect the env

29、ironment.D.increase the number of the alligar gar.34 .According to Randy Sauer, alligar gar died out in northern rivers probably because.A.they ate almost anything.B.they were caught by sport fishermen.C.they were very huge in size.D.the rivers were polluted then.35 .What can we learn from the under

30、lined statement?A.It will be decades before these fish produce young.B.There is a long way to go before the fish find each other.C. 10 or 20 years will be needed to find these fish.D.These fish can find each other themselves along the waterways.【答案】DACA【解析】伊利诺斯州自然资源部正在把一种叫做alligator gar的鱼放回该州的河流。有些人

31、把这种鱼称为 “活化石”。专家们认为，该种鱼类最早出现于1亿多年前的白垩纪早期。尽管在南方各州保持良好的状态， 但它们在20世纪90年代从该州的河流中消失。生物学家希望把它们带回北方的河流，来平衡它们的物种。32. D【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段内容可知，alligar gar之所以被称为“活化石”是因为它们一亿年 前就出现在地球上。故答案选D.33. A【解析】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句biologists want to bring the fish back to northern rivers because it is important to have top pre

32、dators to balance the species below them,可知生物学家将这 种鱼类放回北方河流目的是为了保持物种生态平衡。故选A.34. C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中.Sauer says their large size is one reason they disappeared in the 1990s.一句可知alligator gar灭绝的原因之一可能是由于尺寸太大。其余选项文中出现但都不是其灭绝 的原因。故答案选C.35. A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容可知，雌性alligator gar”直到11年才会性成熟，而雄性 直到6或7年才会成

33、熟。因此可以推断出该句划线部分句意指的是这些鱼类要10或20年时间才能够完成 生产下一代的任务。故A选项正确。【2020全国卷I篇】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city exper

34、ienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform di

35、verse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, ex

36、plained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables.Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount

37、needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would l

38、ast the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off ” switch where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）-such as the distance f

39、rom a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees fro

40、m various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants9 lack of waterTo change compositions of plantsTo make the life of plants longer.B. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing

41、plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title fbr the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How

42、do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了 一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有 可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中 A study conducted in Youngs

43、town, Ohio, for example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市 绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会 提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物

44、的益处。故选D。33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中 These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上E3 有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知， 麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选Ao【34题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一

45、段中 Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知 发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能 源消耗。故选C。【35题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中 Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the

46、distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏 僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。 结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开

47、发了一种发光植物，文章介 绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节 约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？ ”最符合文章标题。故选C。盐城市2021届高三年级第三次模拟考试CTime to load up some popular games: new research indicates pigs possess the mental capability to play video games. The study, published in Frontiers In Psychology.tested the abil

48、ity of four pigs（Hamlet, Omelette Ebony and Ivory） 10 play a simple joystick （操纵杆）game with their noses,moving a cursor（光标）to four targets on the screen.Although the animals didn*t demonstrate the skills to win a round any time soon, they did show an understanding of some elementary games.Performing

49、 well above chance, the pigs appeared to recognize the movement of the cursor was controlled by the joystick. The fact that they did so well despite a lack of flexible fingers isHextraordinaryn, according to theresearchers.It is no small achievement for an animal to grasp the concept hat the behaviour