专题5：主旨大意题---2021年高考英语阅读理解解题技巧及真题演练.docx

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1、第五讲：准解题主旨大意题（高屋建领明意旨）主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失 分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查 考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对 考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要 求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要 考生从文章中抽取、提炼一些关键词、 主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章 的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿 草率作答,一定要读完读通文章后再做 判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来 做。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归 纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。正确选项特征涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩干扰选项特征过于笼 统，不知 所

2、云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超 出全文或全段所述内容以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一局部内 容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别 词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要 的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点移花接 木，偷换 概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属 于A的内容放在B上，假设不留神， 极易选错答案无中生 有，生搬 硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中 谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后， 发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无 联系一、概括主旨大意的3条途径途径（一）寻找主题句1.主题句在第一段新闻报道、说明文、议论文等文章的主题句通常在开头。主题句出现在文章的开头，起Part 11 Paragraph 1

3、： Two qualities make the differencePresent a _ between men of great achievement and men ofproblem average perfoimance： ciniosity and discontent.Part 2AnalysetheproblemPart 3Solve theproblem:Paragraph 2： Together, these deep human i urges （驱策力）count for much more than ;ambition. Paragraph 3： Curiosit

4、y and discontent don51! have to be learned.：Paragraph 4：Tlie great man does not lose his! child s heart.! Paragraph 5： We will probably have to force ourselves to waken oiir ciuiosity and discontent ：and keep them awake when meeting new people ：and new ideas with hesitation. Paragraph 6： One way to

5、start is to be modest.；Paragraph 7 ： One way to begin is to answer ! yoiir own excuses.：Paragraph 8： There is no better time to start ；than right now.第二步：细揣摩，概括文意 本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素好奇心和不满足。第三步：析选项，斟酌判断A好奇的人永远不会感到满足好奇心和不满足是获得成就的两个关键。选项的这种说法偷 换了概念。移花接木，偷换概念B对人性的反思文中虽然出现了 human nature,但文章不是讲的人性。

6、无中生有，生搬硬套C获得成就的关键文章主要论述了获得成就的两个关键：好奇心和不满足。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D活到老，学到老文章倒数第二段虽然举了两个年龄大而获得成就的例子，但 是并非文章的主题。无中生有，生搬硬套答案c题型(二)文章大意题掌握4个小窍门1.常见设问方式Whats the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about. The passage is mainly concerned about. Which of the following best states the main idea of the pa

7、ssage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily. The subject discussed in this text is. The general/main idea of the passage is about.2.掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意找出每段的主题句。各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是 文章的中心思想。有的文章

8、无明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工 概括。理清全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等搜索主题线索和 主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时,转折词后的句子 很可能是主题句。(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为表达文章主旨的 关键词。(4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,

9、 thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词语。典例示范2 (2018全国卷I阅读C)lLanguages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own pa

10、tterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.2Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages to

11、o became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and

12、 dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.3At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet

13、 zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位 数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that hal

14、f the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.4 Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the Unite

15、d States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31. What is the main idea of the text?A. New languages will be created.B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.C Human development results in fewer languages.D. G

16、eography determines language evolution.解题样板第一步：读文章，理清结构第二步：细揣摩，概括文意段洛大意概括文意第一段在狩猎的时代，语言是很多的本文是一篇说明文。文章介 绍了世界上语言的种类随着 人类社会的开展而逐渐减少 这一现象。第二段随着人类的定居和社会开展，语言变得少了第三段目前，全球有大约6 800种语言，其分布极其不 均匀第四段一些语言使用得很少，止面临消亡威胁第三步：析选项，斟酌判断A新语言将会被创造。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。无中生有，生搬硬套B人们的生活方式在语言中得以反映。这种说法过于宽泛。过于笼统，不知所云C人类的开展导

17、致语言减少。涵盖性强，覆盖全文文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的开展而逐渐减少 这一现象。D地理决定语言的演变。文中提到了她理位置对语言分布的影响，但没有说地理决 定语言的演变。移花接木，偷换概念答案c题型(三)段落大意题2方法破解1.常见设问方式What does the author tell us in Paragraph .? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is. The first paragraph is mainly about. Which of the following can best summarize P

18、aragraph 1?2.两方法破解段落大意题方法1:概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种 结构的主题句就在段首。(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾。(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，那么主题句就在这段的中间。(4)如果比照各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。典例示范3 （2019全国卷I阅读D）Popularity is a well-explored

19、 subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.The likables9 plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are em

20、ployed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The classification of the popular.B The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interper

21、sonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.解题样板第一步：细揣摩，概括段意根据本段中的第二句Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.”可知，本段主要讨论了 受欢迎的人被分为 两类，即讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类人的特征。所以本 段主要介绍了受欢迎的人的分类。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A受欢迎的人的分

22、类。对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B青少年的特点。本段只是描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，并不 是描述的青少年的特点。移花接木，偷换概念C人际交往能力的重要性。以偏概全，主次不分本段提及了人际交往能力的重要性，但不是本 段的主要内容。D不光彩行为的原因。本段没有提到不光彩行为的原因。无中生有，生搬硬套答案A随堂体验落实1（2020全国卷 I 阅读 D）The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found p

23、ositive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Techno

24、logy （MIT） have taken it a step further 一 changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in gro

25、undwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow （发光）in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano,s tea

26、m found that they could create a faint light fbr three-and-a-half hours.The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start.The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.In the future, the team

27、hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch“ where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total

28、 electricity consumed in the US.Sinue lighting is often far removed from the power source （电源）一 such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway 一 a lot of energy is lost during transmission （传输）. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.语篇解

29、读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了绿色植物对人类社会和工作效率的积极作用，同时还介绍了科学家们新开发的植物的不寻常的功能：检测地下水质和发光照明。32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B , A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.解析：选D 此题为主旨大意题。题目形式为段落大意。根据第一段中的“A study conducted in

30、 .were decorated with houseplants.可知,在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现, 城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中发现，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰 时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。应选D。33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?A. To detect plants9 lack of water.B , To change compositions of plants.C. To ma

31、ke the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they9re short of water”可佚口， A 选项正确。34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B The

32、y may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是最后一句Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可推知，在未来，发光植物可能有助于减少 能源消耗。35. Which of the following can be the best t

33、itle for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B - How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?解析：选C 此题为主旨大意题。题目形式为标题归纳。根据最后一段可知，照明约占 美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在 传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章 内容主

34、要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物, 文章介绍了他们创造这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可 能取代路灯，到达节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？ ”最符 合文章标题。应选C。专题跟踪检测1A（2020江西省重点高中盟校第一次联考）Sara Blakely was checking in at an airport last week when a stranger, rushing past, spotted her. The two best inventions of the past 100 yea

35、rs: Spanx and wheels on suitcases, “ the woman spoke out across the busy hall.For years, managing the company she founded in Georgia, US in 2000, which has revolutionized underwear, Sara is well used to such situation.Sara has created some 200 kinds of products being sold in more than 50 countries,

36、which has helped Sara become the worlds youngest self-made female billionaire at one time.The name Spanx, Sara agreed, is probably as responsible for the brands success as the products, and it came to her when she was sitting in traffic one day.That night, she went online and registered Spanx as a t

37、rademark.Sara has all her best ideas in cars and on planes.Although she only lives five minutes away from the office, she will often leave home half an hour early every morning, driving around the city.Saras ambition since childhood has been to follow her father into the law.She failed the Law Schoo

38、l Admission Test.Then she got her first job at Walt Disney World.After three months there, she stopped to sell fax machines door to door for the company Danka.She did such a job fbr seven years.But, as she said, she wouldnt have been able to build Spanx without that.I learned that nodoesnt always me

39、an no , and that you may get 30 noes before you get the one yes.People told me no with Spanx for two years and I believe Spanxs future is bright, “ she said.While she sold fax machines by day, at night she took part in local amateur open-mic comedy sessions. “I just wasnt getting enough rejection du

40、ring the day, so Id try to get a bit more at night, “ she often told her team.语篇解读：美国知名内衣品牌Spanx的创始人Sara Blakely 一度是世界上最年轻的白手 起家的女性亿万富翁。本文主要介绍了她创立Spanx的经历等。1. According to the text, Sara Blakely.A. is the youngest female billionaireB , invented Spanx and wheels on casesC. likes to greet strangers at

41、 the airportbrought great changes to others9 life解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The two best inventions of the past 100 years: Spanx and wheels on suitcases,X6which has revolutionized underwear”等信息可月隹断出， Sara Blakely改变了内衣行业，改变了人们的生活。2. Why does Sara Blakely leave home early in the morning?A. To visit the city

42、.B To have a rest in the car.C. To get thinking time.D. To go to work early.解析：选C 推理判断题。第二段谈到Sara Blakely的很多主意都是在车上和飞机上想 出来的，甚至公司的名字也是在车上想出来的，因此，尽管办公室离她家只有5分钟的路程， 但她要早早出门，绕着城市开车，目的是给自己一些思考的时间，以便得到灵感。3. What does the underlined word that” refer to?A. Her sales experience in Danka.B The idea of regist

43、ering a trademark. 着开宗明义、点明主题的作用，它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容及主旨。而支撑 句那么是通过使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题。在文中找到主题 句后，考生可以很容易地概括出文章的主旨大意。典例 1 Honey （蜂蜜）from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, but it is also delicious.Most people and many animals like eating it.However, the only way for them

44、to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest （巢）and take the honey from it.Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper a little bird called a honey guide.The honey gui

45、de does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax （蜂蜡）in the beehives （蜂房） The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest.So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing

46、 animals and people.Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.So

47、me of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide like eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will qui

48、ckly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.1. What can be the best title for the text?A. Wild BeesB. Wax and HoneyBeekeeping in AfricaD. Honey-Lovers Helper分析：本文属于典型的三段论。第一段旨在导入话题，为下文做铺垫，介绍了非洲森林 里的一种美食野蜂蜜。但是，由于蜂巢都在高高的树上，人们很难找到它。一种奇特的 小鸟是蜂蜜爱好者的好帮手，它能让蜂蜜爱好者找到蜂巢。第一段的最后一句“peo