外研版2013届高考英语一轮复习语法专题10正反解读定语从句.ppt

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1、外研版2013届高考英语一轮复习语法专题10正反解读定语从句 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望专题专题1010正反解读定语从句正反解读定语从句 专题专题10 10 正反解读定语从句正反解读定语从句 专题专题1010 高考链接高考链接高考链接1 120112011四川卷四川卷 The school shop The school shop，_customers _customers are mainly studentsare mainly stude

2、nts，is closed for the holidays.is closed for the holidays.A AwhichwhichB BwhosewhoseC CwhenwhenD Dwherewhere 解析解析 B考考查查定定语语从句。此从句。此处处是是whose引引导导的非限制性的非限制性定定语语从句，在定从句，在定语语从句中作从句中作customers的定的定语语。句意：。句意：这这个学个学校商店校商店其其顾顾客大多是学生客大多是学生因因为为放假而关放假而关门门了。了。22011全国卷 The prize will go to the writer _ story show

3、s the most imagination.AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat解析 C考查定语从句。本空在定语从句中作story的定语，因此用 whose。专题专题1010 高考链接高考链接32011山东卷 The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other.Athey Bwhere Cwhat Dthat解析 D考查定语从句。从结构判断，houses后面是一个定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语，因此用that引导。专题专题1010 高考链接高考链接42011江西卷 She sh

4、owed the visitors around the museum，the construction_ had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith whichCof which Dto which解析 C考查定语从句。句意：她带参观者在博物馆里到处参观，这家博物馆的建设花了三年多时间。the construction of whichwhose construction。专题专题1010 高考链接高考链接52011浙江卷 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,e

5、ach of _uses it somewhat differently.Awhich Bwhat Cthem Dthose解析 A考查定语从句。本句中的先行词是several diverse cultures，在从句中作of的宾语，所以应用关系代词which。专题专题1010 高考链接高考链接专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点归纳 考点一关系代词的使用考点一关系代词的使用1 1定语从句中的关系代词只能用定语从句中的关系代词只能用thatthat的情况：的情况：规则规则1 1：当先行词为：当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,everything,anythi

6、ng,nothing,something,the one,none,all,much,few,any,littlesomething,the one,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，只能用等不定代词时，只能用thatthat。如：。如：All that can be done has been done.All that can be done has been done.规则规则2 2：当先行词被：当先行词被the only,the very(the only,the very(就是那个就是那个),),all,much,few,any,little,no

7、all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，只用修饰时，只用thatthat。如：。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.规则3：当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只能用that。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.规则4：先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。如：Can you remember the

8、 scientist and his theory that we have learned?规则5：当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。如：Who is the man that is standing there?专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则6：有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。如：They have set up a company,which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.规则7：当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系

9、代词也在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 2定语从句中的关系代词只能用 which的情况：规则1：在引导非限制性定语从句时。如：The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous here.规则2：介词后。如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.规则3：有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。专题专题1010

10、 考点归纳考点归纳 3定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：规则1：当先行词是anyone,those时。如：Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?规则2：有两个定语从句，先行词指人时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。4whose的使用whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中只能作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose名词the名词of which of whichthe名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is b

11、roken is on the second floor.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点二关系代词as和which的使用在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于：规则1：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入主句中，常带有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这一点”。如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2：主句中出现the same,a

12、s,such,so修饰先行词，需选择关系代词as在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如：This house is not such as I expect.(such为代词，作先行词；as在定语从句中作宾语)规则3：当先行词由the same修饰时，有时也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的意思不同：that表示同一个，as表示同一类。如：This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包)This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个

13、)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：在以下结构中，一般也用as:as(it)appears,as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out/said/reported/announced,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as is wellknown,as is known to all,as anybody can see等。专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点三“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时

14、用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The pen with which he wrote was made in China.他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.那位老师房前有棵大树，他对学生们非常有耐心。专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规

15、则1：某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of,look for,look after,care for等。如：This is the book(which/that)I am looking for.规则2：“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等不定代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。如：(1)He loved his parents deeply,both of who

16、m are very kind to him.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 He loved his parents deeply,of whom both are very kind to him.(2)Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,three of which were English novels.Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,of which three were English novels.(3)China has thousands

17、 of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan.China has thousands of islands,of which the largest is Taiwan.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：介词which/whomto do结构可以改为：介词which/whom定语从句。如：I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive

18、 dress.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which名词”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/that名词。如：He was very ill,in which case(and in this case)we sent him to hospital first.She lost her temper,at which point(and at this point)I decided to go back home.Mike was a student at the

19、university from 2000 to 2004,during which time(and during that time)he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点四定语从句中的主谓一致规则1：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如：I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.规则2：先行词为“o

20、ne of复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词用复数形式；而先行词为“the only one of复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词用单数。如：Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如：He ha

21、s passed the exam,which makes us surprised.Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.规则4：关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。如：To own a TV set in each family,which we think was impossible 30 years ago,now has become true.专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点五关系副词的使用规则1：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when表示时间的介词(

22、in/at/on/during)which。规则2：where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under)which。规则3：why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why表示原因的介词forwhich。规则4：以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way(in which/that)he answered the question was surprising.(in which/that在从句中充当状语)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 【温馨提示】The way(which/tha

23、t)he explained to us was quite simple.(which/that在从句中充当宾语)规则5：有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,from等，如：China is the birth place of kites,from where kites spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.规则6:一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity，scene及period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词t

24、hat/which；作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词which”。如：专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 (1)There is one point(that/which)we must insist on.有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point,所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)(2)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对

25、话。(定语从句可还原为：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 考点六定语从句和其他句型之间的关系规则1：区别suchas/soas引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从句。如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是定语从句，连接词用as；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句，连接词用that。如：He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.(从句不缺句子成分，t

26、hat引导结果状语从句)He is such a good boy as everyone likes.(从句中likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2：区别非限制性定语从句与并列句定语从句与主句之间用关系词连接；并列句之间用并列连词连接。如：He said nothing that made me angry.(限制性定语从句，that是关系代词)He said nothing,which made me angry.(非限制性定语从句)He said nothing,and that made me angry.(并列句，that是指示代词)专

27、题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：区别定语从句与名词性从句定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；而名词性从句中的连词that在从句中不作任何成分；疑问代词what及疑问副词how可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句。如：As is known to all,the moon travels around the earth.(as引导非限制性定语从句)It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(it作形式主语，that引导主语从句)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 What is known to a

28、ll is that the moon travels around the earth.(what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句)That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.(that引导主语从句)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：区别定语从句与地点状语从句关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有表示时间、地点、原因等先行词；而疑问副词连接状语从句时，其前面没有。如：When you read the book,youd better make a mark in the place where you have a

29、ny questions.(定语从句修饰先行词place)When you read the book,youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(地点状语从句)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：区别定语从句与强调句、时间状语从句that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语；而在强调句型中 that不作任何成分，但不能省；在结果状语从句中that也只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。如：It was this small village(that/which)we lived in 10 years ago.(定语从句)It

30、 was in this small village that we lived 10 years ago.(强调句)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)It was 1914,when the war broke out.(非限制性定语从句)专题专题1010 考点归纳考点归纳 专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读反面解读1关系代词的误用及漏用关系代词的误用及漏用(1)【误】【误】Ive read all the books which you lent me.

31、【正】【正】Ive read all the books that you lent me.解析解析 定定语语从句的先行从句的先行词词被被all，some，any，no，few等等修修饰时饰时，关系代，关系代词词用用that。(2)【误】The student is standing there is our monitor.【正】The student(who/that is)standing there is our monitor.解析 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词作后置定语。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(3)【误】Dinner starts

32、with a small dish，that is often called a starter.【正】Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter.解析 用which引导非限制性定语从句，而不用that引导专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(4)【误】He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south.【正】He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south.解析“介词关系代词”中的关系代词

33、用which不用that。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(5)【误】The man with who I worked has left.【正】The man with whom I worked has left.解析“介词whom”引导定语从句。介词后不接who。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读2定语从句主谓不一致【误】This is one of the rooms that is free now.【正】This is one of the rooms that are free now.解析 在one of结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。先行词是“t

34、he only/very one of复数名词”时，从句谓语用单数形式。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读3关系词与被替换词重复【误】This is the jacket which I bought it last month.【正】This is the jacket which I bought last month.解析 which在从句中作宾语，it多余。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读4介词的误用【误】The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai.【正】The computer for which I pa

35、id 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai.解析 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯。此处payfor sth.为固定短语，意为“花钱买”。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读5from where与from which混用【误】They stood on the top of the building,from which they could see the whole city.【正】They stood on the top of the building,from where they could see the whole

36、 city.解析 from wherefrom the top of the building，from whichfrom the building，显然前者比较合适。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读6忽视倒装结构【误】The fisherman lives in an old house,in front of which a well lies.【正】The fisherman lives in an old house,in front of which lies a well.解析 in front of放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词lie,stand等，主语为名词，这时要采用

37、倒装结构，把lie,stand等放在作主语的名词前。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读7限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用(1)【误】Charles Smith,that was my former teacher,retired last year.【正】Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.解析 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用who,whom。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(2)【误】This novel,I have read three times,is very touching.【

38、正】This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.解析 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(3)【误】I had told them the reason,why I didnt attend the meeting.【正】I had told them the reason,for which I didnt attend the meeting.解析 that,why通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(4)正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。【

39、误】It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.【误】Which has been announced,we shall have our final exams next month.【正】It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month.【正】As has been announced,we shall have our final exams next month.解析 as has been announced引导定语从

40、句，放在句首，不能使用which；有时可与It is/has beenthat转换。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读(5)我看过金婚这部电视剧，它的男主角是张国立。【误】I have seen Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli.【正】I have seen Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli.【正】I have seen Golden Anniversary,its leading actor Zhang Guoli.解析 在定语从句中，whose既可

41、指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立主格形式。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读8定语从句的分隔Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.Awhere BwhenCwho Dwhich【误】由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选C。【正】cases是先行词，正确答案是A。解析 主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与定语从句分隔的现象。此时要注意准确辨认。专题专题1010 反面解读反面解读