托福阅读十大题型.ppt

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1、认识托福阅读认识托福阅读考什么？考什么？Reading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter准确、迅速准确、迅速把握关把握关键信息的能力信息的能力托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。认识托福阅读认识托福阅读怎么考？怎么考？词汇词汇句子句子理解理解句间关系句间关系文章结构文章结构 托福阅托福阅

2、读是以读是以句子句子为核为核心的考试心的考试(单词单词+句法句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点考查重点十大题型十大题型词汇题词汇题出题方出题方式式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto考考查查关关键键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！词汇题做法背单词！背单词！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆Paleontologi

3、st PaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln词汇词汇题题解题解题技技巧巧认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应认识褒义色彩T

4、PO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscomm

5、on认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurround词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurroundover在

6、上面lie躺着覆盖同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecif

7、ichistoryofthearea.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexi

8、blebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.指代题指代题出题方式出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto考查关考查关键键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技应对技巧巧往前找，两个一致1.数量单、复数2.性质动作发出者的特性非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialou

9、twash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassag

10、ereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritu

11、alperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstoth

12、eactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs细节题细节题出题方式出题方

13、式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?TheauthorsdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,X occursbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,X didY becauseAccordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系细节题细节题考查关键考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化

14、常常见错误选项特征见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做题技巧做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干题干 原文原文 选项选项Example1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebeca

15、usetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,thecli

16、maxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemost

17、fragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CCExample1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststableExample1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）The

18、ycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）Example2.TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?Summerswere

19、verywarmandwinterswereverycold.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.Example2.定位LCclimateParagraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalt

20、erationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreserve

21、dinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodays.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.Example2.读懂原文theLateCretaceouscl

22、imatewasmilderthantodaysmilder更温和Example2.选出答案Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder定位定位&.转化转化定

23、定位位1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词转转化化1)同意转化2)侧面转化3)概括转化定位定位题干干转化化原原文文选项Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsagoExample3.通过选项特征定位Paragraph5:Thecoastalhypothe

24、sishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironme

25、ntwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.FladmarkandotherbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthat

26、itmayhavebeenpossibleforpeopletocolonizeice-freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbetween13,000and14,000yearsago.Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000

27、yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago定位原则补充定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位选非题选非题与细节题直接相反考考查关键查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问选非题选非题出题方式出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1.NOTtrue一般直接相反2.allEXCEPT答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3.NOTmentioned无中生有，信息杂糅Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowi

28、ngisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据题干找CCParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredep

29、endsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitie

30、saresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasucces

31、sion.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.（直接相反）Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据选项定位原文Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusethe

32、term“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesech

33、angesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.Ceramicspr

34、oducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcentu

35、ryB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1

36、279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Cera

37、micproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5

38、.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongd

39、ynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example5.根据选项定位原文Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChina

40、wereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermost

41、historicalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMi

42、ngthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthig

43、h-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12Whichofthefollowingis

44、NOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeerExample6.根据题干定位Paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofd

45、eerwolves,cougar,andlynxhavebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggrou

46、ndsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclear

47、ings.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer（无中生有+信息杂糅）选非题选非题 TIPs选项较短，针对原文某一句话中的列举出题，通过题干定位。当题干关键词太宽泛，例如是文

48、章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整的长句或很有特点，通过选项定位。当题干问及某事原因或结果（factors，consequences，results）时，注意观察原文的逻辑词（cause，also，and，moreover，further）及分号定位定位方法方法小结小结1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词，例如时间、大写字母开头的词5)选项有特点，通过该特点定位6)题干关键词太宽泛，通过选项定位7)当一句话中存在多个定位词，选取限制性最强的词，或采取两点定位方法方法是固定的，题目是多变的，头脑是灵活的。是固定的，题目是多变的，头脑是灵活的。句子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式W

49、hichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectch

50、oiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子简化题句子简化题考查关键考查关键长难句理解应对技巧应对技巧1.观察原句，通过逻辑词、连接词、标点符号划分句子层次，抓主干2.修饰成分先不看3.抓选项主干，四个选项都必须看只有一项相符，直接选两项以上相符，先分析选项不同部分，就该部分（通常为原因或目的）回原句分析，找出答案句子简化题句子简化题错误特错误特征征1.信息杂糅，即错误表达了原句信息，经常可能是逻辑关系错误2.遗漏原句主要信息3.本末倒置，原句修饰成分变成选项主要意思做题时，能判断出主要意思的句子，一