2018年度考研英语真命题和翻译.doc

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1、-_2017 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping

2、 you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in

3、Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-

4、reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds thats usually 14 with stres

5、s,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.” Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormo

6、ne” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1A Bes

7、idesB UnlikeC ThroughoutD Despite 2A equalB restrictedC connectedD inferior 3A viewB hostC lessonD choice 4A avoidB forgetC recallD keep 5A collectingB affectingC guidingD involving 6A onB inC atD of 7A devotedB attractedC lostD exposed 8A alongB acrossC downD out 9A imaginedB deniedC doubtedD calcu

8、lated 10A servedB restoredC explainedD required 11A ThusB StillC RatherD Even-_12A defeatsB symptomsC errorsD tests 13A highlightedB increasedC controlledD minimized 14A presentedB equippedC associatedD compared 15A assessB generateC moderateD record 16A in the name ofB in the form ofC in the face o

9、fD in the way of 17A attributeB commitC transferD return 18A unlessB becauseC thoughD until 19A remainsB emergesC vanishesD decreases 20A experiencesB combinesC justifiesDinfluences拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的” 。除了能帮助你感 到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外，事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许 多好处。不管你信不信，温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避免生病。最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究人

10、员对超过 400 名健康成年人 进行了研究。他们在让这些实验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支 持”和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。感觉到 更多社会支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人员推算出，这种对健康的有益影响， 大约有 32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群 中，感觉得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。“拥抱可以保护那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感 冒的风险， ”来自卡内基大学的心理学教授谢尔登科恩观察道。拥抱“能制造 亲密，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉。 ”-_一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力

11、的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素， 其通常被称为“结合激素” ，因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲与新生婴儿之间 的依附关系。催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部，其有一部分会被释放进血液里。 但还有一部分会留在大脑里，影响人们的情绪、行为及生理。Section Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

12、(40 points)Text 1 First two hours, now three hoursthis is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in

13、return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it sh

14、ould: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weaponsboth fake and realpast airport security nearly every time they

15、tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicagos OHare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has becomebut the l

16、ines are obvious. Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are tr

17、ying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this. There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck -_program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for tra

18、velers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks, saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and

19、one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreChecks fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helpi

20、ng to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways. The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned

21、to_. A stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide B highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports C explain Americans tolerance of current security checks D emphasis the importance of privacy protection22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport? A New r

22、estrictions on carry-on bags B The declining efficiency of the TSA C An increase in the number of travelers D Frequent unexpected secret checks23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to_. A faster B quieter C wider D cheaper24. One problem with the PreCheck program is_. A A dr

23、amatic reduction of its scale B Its wrongly-directed implementation C The governments reluctance to back it D An unreasonable price for enrollment25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A Less Screening for More Safety B PreCheck-a Belated Solution C Getting Stuck in Securit

24、y Lines D Underused PreCheck Lanes-_Text 1 全文翻译 以前是 2 小时，现在是 3 小时这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场 赶国内航班的时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变 得越来越长。 美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检程序，以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子 袭击而坠入地中海的埃及航空 804 号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提 醒。但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低 公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人 生活，也会使乘客感到愤怒。 去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中

25、发现，管理局的便衣调查员 在尝试偷运武器的时候（无论真假） ，屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检 措施，同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括 芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否 变得更加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍确实变长了。 导致这一问题的部分原因是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增， 所以美国运输安全管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员。另一 个原因是，机场只有这么多空间，能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能 是，越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避免行李安检费用，尽管航 空公司对此强烈反对。 美国运输安全

26、管理局可以采取的一个不需要改造机场或仓促招聘人员的措 施，那就是鼓励更多的乘客参加预检项目。预检对游客和美国运输安全管理局 而言是双赢的选择。通过背景检查的乘客有资格使用快速安检通道。这能使美 国运输安全管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客，从而节省了其他人的时间。 美国运输安全管理局计划将 2500 万乘客纳入预检项目。 然而，这一计划还未达到预期目标，其中的一个主要原因就是定价太高。 乘客必须每五年支付 85 美元进行背景审核。从一开始这一价格就是预检项目的 重大缺陷。接下来的改革也许会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应该通过 资助预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式直接参与到价格调整中去。

27、在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的痛苦之时，美国运输安全管理局不能 继续将资源投入到未充分使用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的开始起 作用，那还需要很长的时间。Text 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most -_esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with ast

28、ronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanitys view of the cosmos. At issue is the TMTs planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that con

29、nects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. Oppositi

30、on to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomer

31、s.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Keas fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living

32、culture undergoing a renaissance today. Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls t

33、o disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal

34、 calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes. The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescope

35、s on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 indicates_. A it

36、s conservative view on the historical role of astronomy B the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society C the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times D her appreciation of star watchers feats in her time27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to_.-_A its geograp

37、hical features B its protective surroundings C its religious implications D its existing infrastructure28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because_. A it may risk ruining their intellectual life B it reminds them of a humiliating history C their culture will lose a chanc

38、e of revival D they fear losing control of Mauna Kea29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in todays astronomy _. A is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians B helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world C may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture D will eventually soften Hawa

39、iians hostility30. The authors attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of_. A severe criticism B passive acceptance C slight hesitancy D full approvalText 2全文翻译 “古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家， ”夏威夷最后一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女 王在 1897 年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是， 现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改变人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30 米望远镜” 的修建计划引发了激

40、烈的抗议。 抗议的焦点是 30 米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址，该休眠火山被一些 夏威夷人供奉为阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些 世界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰 可以远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜 获得无比清晰的图像。 反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威 夷人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊 重，同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。 一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。他们渴望建造-_更大的天文

41、望远镜，却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对 冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的保护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优 先位置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是正在复兴的生动文化。 然而，科学也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。抱着希望发现 地平线之外东西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同 样的好奇心则鼓舞今天的天文学家去探索天堂。那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山上 所有望远镜或禁止未来所有发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实，那就是天文学和夏威 夷文化都在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的 宏大问题。也许这就是我们探索繁星天空的原因，好像我们正在回应

42、一个原始 的召唤，去了解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。 天文学界正在做出妥协，他们改变了对冒纳凯阿火山的使用方式。他们在 岛上选了一个尽可能隐蔽的地方来修建 30 米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避免对考 古和环境造成影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量，旧的望远镜在达 到使用年限时就会被移除，并让它们的原址回归到自然状态。因此，任何人都 应被欢迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产，研究天空的繁星。Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a countrys GDP measures “everything except that which makes li

43、fe worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concep

44、t. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UKs GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the war

45、nings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects? A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is

46、translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing. While all of these countries face th

47、eir own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isnt the case with all countries. Some relatively poo

48、r European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer -_regarded as the sole measure of a countrys success, the world looks very different . So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic acti