资产专用与员工薪酬的关系研究dgxj.doc
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1、资产专用性与员工薪酬的关系研究普通员工薪酬是一个广受社会各界关注的议题。当前通过拉动内需抵御经济危机的呼声再次将公众的焦点集中到了普通员工的薪酬。普通员工的薪酬由什么因素来决定,是理论界和实务界关注的重要问题。来自资料搜索网(x3722x) 海量资料下载国内外对薪酬的研究集中于对经理人薪酬的研究,这是因为对高管薪酬的研究有较为明确的理论基础委托代理理论,其逻辑是通过对经理人员薪酬契约的设计,尽可能使经理人和股东的利益相一致,从而使得经理为股东利益服务。以这一理论为依据,众多的文献研究了高管薪酬契约的影响因素,如探讨公司业绩、公司规模、资本结构、行业特征、政府管制、经理人的年龄、任职期间、是否企
2、业创始人等因素对高管薪酬契约的影响。学术界对普通员工薪酬的研究比较匮乏,一个重要的原因是缺乏较好的理论基础能很好解释高管薪酬契约的委托代理理论较难直接套用到普通职工薪酬契约上。人们认为,行业、省份等因素对职工薪酬产生了重要影响,但目前还没有一个清晰的理论框架来解释普通员工薪酬由什么来决定。本文基于产权理论中的资产专用性理论,试图构建关于普通员工薪酬契约影响因素的分析框架。从Williamson关于资产专用性的讨论出发,本文依循如下逻辑思路来论证企业资产专用性对职工薪酬的影响机制:企业为了在市场竞争中胜出,需要进行专用性投资,而专用性资产作用的发挥,需要专用性人力资本与之匹配。但这并不意味着契约
3、双方企业和劳动者一定相互套牢(hold-up),相反,由于劳动者的人力资本具有更大的适应性和可迁移性,致使企业为了保证自己的专有性投资的收回,需要向劳动者支付更高的溢价(premium)来挽留劳动者。由此,我们提出了本文的核心假说:资产专用性越高的企业,将会向员工支付更高的薪酬。中国从2007年1月1日开始实施的新企业会计准则要求上市公司详细披露职工薪酬的明细资料,为我们进行实证检验提供了数据。对2007年度沪深两市的上市公司的实证研究,在一定程度上支持了本文的假说:在职工薪酬的中低水平区间(年薪8万以下,占全部样本的约3/4),企业资产专用性越高,职工薪酬越高。同时本文发现如果将职工薪酬区分
4、为工资性薪酬(工资、奖金、津贴和补贴)和非工资性薪酬(职工福利费、社会保险等),那么在整体样本上如下结论都成立:企业资产专用性越高,职工非工资性薪酬越高。这说明对于普通员工而言,薪酬契约可能是复杂的:在薪酬水平不高的区间,薪酬总额和非工资性薪酬都随着企业资产专用性的提高而提高;但是在薪酬水平较高的区间,由于工资性薪酬受到管制等可能的原因,从而导致只有非工资性薪酬随着企业资产专用性的提高而提高。本文同时研究了制度环境对上述结论的影响。我们发现:(1)资产专用性与员工薪酬之间的正相关关系,在市场竞争强度高的行业中更为显著;(2)资产专用性与员工薪酬之间的正相关关系,在市场化程度高也就是劳动力流动更
5、加便利的地区中更为显著。本文从产权经济学的资产专用性理论,为普通员工的薪酬决定机理建立了理论框架,并用实证数据初步验证了这一框架。关键词: 职工薪酬 非工资性薪酬 资产专用性 市场化水平 产品市场竞争强度The Effect of Asset Specificity on Employee SalaryAbstractNon-managerial employee salary is a topic that people pay close attention to. Currently, the public focus on it again because promoting dome
6、stic demand is deemed as an effective way to resist the global financial crisis. To find out the determinants of stuff salary is a critical problem both in theory and in practice.Most research in the field of compensation is about management compensation. Because there is a clear theory to explain m
7、anagement compensation contract - the Principal-agent Theory. Its logic is: enterprises should design managers compensation contract in such a manner that managers profit will be coincide with that of the stockholders. Based on this theory, a great number of articles appeared to study the determinan
8、ts of management compensation contract. For example, how does enterprise size, capital structure, industry characteristics, government behavior, managers age, tenure period, founder or successor influence compensation contract.Researches on non-managerial employee salary are a lot fewer than on mana
9、gement compensation; a crucial reason is that there is not a clear theory to explain it. The Principal-agent Theory is useless in explaining staff salary although it can explain management compensation really well. People generally believe factors such as industry and province have an impact on empl
10、oyee salary, however, theoretical framework has not been set up to analyze determinants of non-managerial employee salary contract yet. Our study is based on Asset Specificity Theory, which is an important part of Property Rights Theory. We attempt to set up a framework to analyze which factors infl
11、uence non-managerial employee salary contract.Our study begins with a discussion about asset specificity by Williamson. Then we continue to analyze the mechanism of the effect of asset specificity on employee salary, our logic is as follows: the enterprise need to invest in specialized assets to win
12、 in the fierce competition in product market. Enterprise need to invest in specialized human capital so that the specialized assets are fully employed. But this does not mean both parties- the enterprise and the employeemutual hold-up, actually, as employee can shift to a new job, and adapt to a new
13、 environment relatively easier, enterprise has to pay its employee more premiums to let him stay, or its investment in specialized assets could not be recovered. Therefore, we derive our essential hypothesis: employee salary is higher in enterprises with more specialized assets.The new “Accounting S
14、tandard for Enterprises” of China requires listed companies to disclose detailed information about staff remuneration payables since January 1st, 2007, this new regulation provides us with data for empirical analysis.Our empirical research on listed companies of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets s
15、upports our hypothesis to some extent: when employee salary is not high (no more than 80,000 per year, making up about 75% of the whole sample), employee salary is higher in enterprises with more specialized assets.Furthermore, we find that if we separate non-wage (welfare et al.) income from wage i
16、ncome, then the following conclusion is true in the whole sample: employee non-wage income is higher in enterprises with more specialized assets.Our conclusions indicate that salary contract could be complicated to employee: when salary is not high, total salary and non-wage salary increases when sp
17、ecialized assets are invested in; when salary is high, only non-wage salary increases when specialized assets are invested in. One possible reason for this phenomenon is that wage income is restricted when it is at high level. We also pay attention to the effect of institutional environment on the a
18、bove empirical results, and we find that:(1)The positive relation between asset specificity and employee salary is stronger in industries where product market competition is more intense;(2) The positive relation between asset specificity and employee salary is stronger in areas where labor market i
19、s well developed.In this article, we set up a theoretical framework to analyze determinant mechanism of non-managerial employee salary contract based on Asset Specificity Theory, which is a part of Property Rights Economics, and our empirical results also prove it basically.Key Words: Employee salar
20、y Non-wage salary Asset specificity Extent of marketization Intensity of product competition目录第一章 引言1第一节 研究内容及意义1第二节 研究方法与创新点3第三节 论文结构3第二章 文献回顾5第一节 关于薪酬的文献回顾5一、职工薪酬释义5二、关于高管薪酬的研究5三、关于普通员工薪酬的研究7第二节 关于资产专用性的文献回顾8第三章 制度背景分析与研究假说的提出10第一节 制度背景分析10一、我国的薪酬体制改革历程10二、我国的工业化与资产专用性进程12第二节 研究假说的提出一三一、假说一的提出一三二、
21、假说二的提出一五三、假说三的提出一五第三节 对研究假说的特殊说明16第四章 研究设计与描述性统计一八第一节 研究设计一八一、样本选择一八二、数据来源一八三、变量的选择与定义19四、模型设计21第二节 描述性统计22一、职工薪酬的描述性统计22二、主要变量的描述性统计26第五章 实证检验与分析28第一节 资产专用性与职工薪酬间关系的检验28一、不同薪酬水平的检验28二、用非工资性薪酬替代职工薪酬总额30第二节 市场化程度对职工薪酬的影响32一、不同薪酬水平的检验32二、用非工资性薪酬替代职工薪酬总额33第三节 产品市场竞争强度对职工薪酬的影响36一、不同薪酬水平的检验36二、用非工资性薪酬替代职
22、工薪酬总额37第四节 敏感性分析40第六章 研究结论与局限性44第一节 研究结论44第二节 研究局限性45参考文献47第一章 引言第一节 研究内容及意义普通员工薪酬是一个广受社会各界关注的议题。我国自改革开放以来,逐渐放宽了对薪酬的管制,特别是对劳动者薪酬部分,除了规定有最低工资外,几乎不再设定限制。随着我国经济的增长及劳动力市场的完善,我国在岗职工平均工资逐年显著上涨(如图1.1所示),改革开放的30年中,职工工资水平从1978年的6一五元上涨到2000年的9371元,再到2007年的24932元(中国统计年鉴,2008)。图1.1 1978年2007年我国在岗职工平均工资 数据来源:中国统
23、计年鉴(2008)当前通过拉动内需抵御经济危机的呼声再次将公众的焦点集中到了普通员工的薪酬。普通员工的薪酬由什么因素来决定,是理论界和实务界关注的重要问题。国内外对薪酬的研究集中于对经理人薪酬的研究,这是因为对高管薪酬的研究有较为明确的理论基础委托代理理论,其逻辑是通过对经理人员薪酬契约的设计,尽可能使经理人和股东的利益相一致,从而使得经理为股东利益服务。以这一理论为依据,众多的文献研究了高管薪酬契约的决定因素,如探讨公司业绩、公司规模、资本结构、行业特征、政府管制、经理人的年龄、任职期间、是否企业创始人等因素对高管薪酬契约的影响。学术界对普通员工薪酬的研究比较匮乏,人们认为,行业、省份等因素
24、对职工薪酬产生了重要影响,但目前还没有一个清晰的理论框架来解释普通员工薪酬最终由什么来决定。事实上,产权理论中的资产专用性理论可能是解释普通员工薪酬决定机理的重要突破口。在过去30年的发展中,我国企业进行了大量的资本积累,如图1.2所示,且积累速度逐年递增,2002年后资本形成的速度更快。这势必使得企业的资产专用性程度提高。资本的积累除了带来国家财富的增长,是否会对微观个体的薪酬水平带来影响呢? 图1.2 我国1978年2007年资本形成总额数据来源:中国统计年鉴(2008)。资本形成总额项目摘自国内生产总值支出法,它指常住单位在一定时期内获得减去处置的固定资产和存货的净额,包括固定资产形成总
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