提取练习促进新信息的学习和记忆-正向测试效应.docx
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1、癖赚习俯捌信息的学习和记忆:正向测i檄S分组第一列第二列最后一列实验组对照组学习第一列内容(学习第列内容学习业后一列内容试 分心,学习奴后一列I词任务(.试最终 总体 浦试a多列表区组设计初始学习HIZ10初始学习HIZ10初始学习+新学习测试I回回回叵Ib多列表交互设计图I正向测试效应常用实验范式1引言作为教学过程中的一个环节,测试常被视为评价学生学习的掌握水平和教师教学质量的有效手段,是学校学习中 必不可少的一局部。然而,认知科学的近期研究对测试进行了大量研究(Roediger&Karpicke, 2006),并提出了关 于测试的不同观点。Roediger和Karpicke (2006)发
2、现,在相等的时间内,从记忆中提取信息比重学同样的信息材料 能产生更好的记忆效果,这种现象被称为测试效应(testing effect),又称提取练习效应(retrieval practice effect)。 关于测试效应的近期结果引发了研究者和教育者重新思考学习的过程,并重新评价测试在教育中的作用。在测试条件下, 测试学过的信息增加了之前“被测试”信息在随后回忆起来的可能性,因此,测试效应也称为反向测试效应(backward testing effect) o近年来,研究者发现对学过信息进行测试也能够促进对后续新材料的学习和记忆,并将这种现象称为 正向测试效应(forward testing
3、 effect) (Past?tter & B?umL 2014),也叫作测试强化新学习(test-potentiated new learning) o这一效应的提出,为新知识的学习提供了新的思路。采用适当的学习策略提高学生的学习效率、减轻学生的学习负担一直是教育心理学研究的热点话题,已有大量研 究证实测试作为一种教学手段和学习策略,能够促进学生对学过知识和新知识的记忆效果。综合以往研究,正向测试效 应在多种材料、被试群体、实验条件下得到验证,为测试如何在人们学习新知识的过程中发挥作用提供了教学指导。基 于此,本文介绍了正向测试效应研究的常用实验范式、对可能的理论解释进行梳理分析、总结了其研
4、究的实验证据,并 在此基础上提出未来研究展望。2正向测试效应研究的经典实验范式正向测试效应的常用实验范式为多列表的学习和测试,其中经典实验范式为多列表区组设计,实验流程如图1a所 示(Chan et aL, 2018) o根据Szpunar等人(2008)的研究,首先,告知被试要逐一学习多个列表的内容,并在 最后对所学习内容进行总体测试。此外,在每学习完一列内容之后,被试要完成一分钟的分心任务,之后由计算机随机 决定其是否要进行测试。但事实上,被试已经被提前决定是否参与测试。实验通常分为一个实验组和一或两个对照组。实验组被试在学习每个列表内容之后,均进行测试,研究者将该测 试叫作临时测试(in
5、terim test recall)。其余两组为对照组,一般分为两种情况。一种是重新学习刚刚学过的内容,另 一种是做分心任务,例如做简单的算术题。对照组被试只有在学习最后一列内容之后才进行测试。最后,对所有被试进 行最终的总体测试(final cumulative test),该测试包含了前面学习过的所有列表内容。在最后一列的临时测试中,如 果实验组的回忆成绩好于对照组的回忆成绩,那么证明存在正向测试效应,反之那么无。Chan, J. C. K., Erdman, M. R., & Davis, S. D. (2015) . Retrieval induces forgetting, but
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