第03讲-词性和句子成分 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练(解析版)公开课.docx
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1、第03讲词性和句子成分词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1 .名词 noun n. student 学生. 代词 pronoun pron. you 你2 . 冠词 article art. a 一个.数 i司 numeral num. three 三3 .形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的.副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地4 .动词verb v. cut砍、割. 连词 conjunction conj. and 和5 . 介词 preposition prep. at 在.感叹词 interjection interj.
2、oh 哦前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。下面就一一介绍01名词及其基本用法定义:表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。名词分类名词复数的规那么变化名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽冢名词着,on to到上面,onto至lj上面,up向上,away from 远离 时间介词about大约,after在以后,at在(时刻),before在以前,by到为止,during在 期间,for有.(之久),from从(时)起,in在(上/下午),在(多久)以后,on在(某日),past 过了.(时),since自从.(至今),through贯穿.(期间),till直到时,until直到时,
3、to到1(下一时刻),ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在开始时,at the end of在 末,in the middle of 在当中,at the time of 在,.时方式介词as作为/当作,by用/由/乘坐/被,in用.(语言),like与一样,on骑(车)/徒(步),通过 (收音机/电视机),over通过(收音机),through通过,with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼),without 没有涉及介词about关于,except除了.,besides除了还for对于/就而言,in在.(方面),of.的, 有关,on关于/有关,to对而言
4、,towards针对,with就而言其它介词目的介词:for为了,from防止,to为了原因介词:for因为,with由于because of因为比拟介词:as与一样,like象一样,than比,to与相比,unlike与不同句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个局部叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。1 .主语主语是一个句子所表达的主体,说明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物,一般位于句首。 但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情 态动词后面。主
5、语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等 表示。如:Since the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(名词)自从 20 世 纪90年代以来,美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。They often speak English after class.(代词)Twenty years is a short time in history,数词)To swim in the deep river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Eating too much do
6、es harm to your health.(动名词)The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词).What he needs is a book.(主语从句)It is necessary for us to master a foreign language(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式) 掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree(It 形式主语,that 引导的主语从句是 真正主语大象像树一样又圆又高,这一点是显然的。2
7、.谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动 词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下,谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如 下:简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:She practises running every morning.(单个动词 practise 做谓语)复合谓语由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for three weeks.(情态动词 may+动词原形 keep 做谓语)The little girl has caught a bad cold.(助动词 hast
8、 动词过去分词 caught 做谓语)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students now.(系动词are+名词students构成系表结构做谓语)【注意】谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。如:I am reading.You are reading.He/She is reading.We are reading.Mary loves swimming.You dont trust me.He believes me.3 .表语表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态,说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,它一般位于 系动词(如be、become get、look、grow、turn、
9、seem等)之后,与系动词共同构成谓语。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从 句表示。如:Our foreign teacher is an American.(名词)Are they yours?(代词)(They are yours.)The weather has turned warm.(形容词)The lecture is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty-one.(数词)三乘七等于二H。Her job is to teach English.(不 定式)Her hobby is singi
10、ng popular songs.(动名词)The old machine must be out oforder.(介词短语)这台老机器肯定运转不畅。Time is up. Class is over.(副词)The truth is that she has never been abroad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。4 .宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当,和 及物动词一起构成谓语,说明主语“做什么”。如:He went to see a film yesterday.(名词)The thick fog prevented us f
11、rom coining to school on time.(代词)浓雾使我们无法准时到校。How many books do you have? -I have fifty.(数词)We helped the old with their housework.(名词化形容词)She pretended not to see me.(不定式短 语)He enjoys listening to popular songs.(动名词短语)We think (that) she is fit for her job.(宾语从 句)宾语种类:直接宾语和间接宾语-有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一
12、个指物,指人的通常为 动词的间接承受者叫作间接宾语,指物的通常为动词的直接承受者叫直接宾语,在一起称为 成为双宾语,一般间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,如:He gave me some ink.他给了我一些墨水。间接宾语直接宾语Our teacher told us an interesting story.老师给我妈讲 了一个有趣的故事。间接宾语直接宾语.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完 整。宾语和它的补足语构成宾语复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如 make等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词
13、、介词短语和从句充 当。如:His father named him Jack.谓语 宾语 宾补(名词)He painted his wall yellow.(形容词)Let the dog out.(副词)You mustnft force her to lend her money to you.(不定式短语)你不能强迫她借钱给你。We saw him entering the room.(现在分词)He found everything in the lab in good order.谓语定语(修饰everything)(介词短语)We will soon make our schoo
14、l what your school is now.(从句)我们不久就要把我们的学校开展成你们学校目前的那个样子。5 .定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可以作定语的除形容词外,还有名词、代词、 数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。如:Hangzhou is a beautiful city.(形容词)China is a developing country while the USA is a developed country(分词)中国是个开展中国家,而美国是个兴旺国家。There are thirty men teachers in our school.(名词)He
15、r progress in English made us surprised.(代词)Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)我们班长总是第一个进教室 的人。Our teaching plan for the next term has been worked out.(动名词)He is reading an article about how to learn a foreign language.(介词短语)他正在读一本关于如何学外语的书。6 .状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的
16、句子成分,叫做状语。可以作 状语的主要是副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。如:Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)We have lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)She is proud to have passed the examination.(不定式短语)The boy is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)Once you begin,you must continue.(状语从句)状语的种类如下:How about meeting again at
17、seven?(时间状语)Last night she didnt go to the party because of the heavy rain.(原因状语).We shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语)Mrs.Green lives on the third floor.(地点状语)He put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)He came in with a book in his hand.(伴随状语)手上拿着本书,他进来了。In order to catch up with th
18、e others, we must work harder.(目 的状语)She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)Tu Youyou works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than she is.(比拟状语)7 .同位语把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后,对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释, 用以说明前者的性质或情况,这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如:We Chinese people love peace.(Chinese people 是主语 W
19、e 的同位语)You all should be punished4代词做同位语)She herself went there.(反身代词做同位语)Our English teacher, Mr. Zhang, is very thin.(名词做同位语)Doctor Li, a kind and friendly girl, lives next to me.(名词短语做同位语)李医生,一个善良又待 人友好的女孩儿,住在我家隔壁。学检测训练一、指出以下句子划线局部是什么句子成分:1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the
20、newspaper.1.1 shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shangha
21、i tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?
22、17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. _It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.一、1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语;3、谓语,状语;4、定语;5、状语,状语;6、定语, 表语;7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语,表语;11、谓语,宾语;12、 状语;13、形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语,状语;16、宾语(间宾+ 直宾);17
23、、状语,状语;18、形式主语、表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语二、指出以下句子中划线局部的句子成分:1 .Whether well go depend on the weather .2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily .3. That was how they wer。defeated.4,The nursery takes good care of our children .5 .ril return the book to you tomorrow .6 .We are sure that we shall suc
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