云南省普高专升本公共课(公共英语)语法精讲(六)名词性从句定语从句与状语从句(1).docx

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1、云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）语法精讲（六）：名词性从句、定语从句与状语从句学习目的：1. 掌握四大名词性从句，特别是引导词的选择。2. 掌握限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。3. 掌握常见的状语从句及其引导词的选用。在主从复合句中，根据其语法作用可以分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。引导从句的关联词有三种，分别为： 1. 连词 that, whether, whetheror(not), if. 连词只起到连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。不可以省略。 2. 连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等。它们既起到连接作用

2、，又在从句中起到代词的作用。 3. 连接副词 when, where, why, how. 它们既起连接作用，同时也在从句中作状语。一名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。它具体又包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。1主语从句 整个句子做主语，放在主语的位置就叫主语从句。引导词有that, whether, what, how等 如： That mathematics is one of the most useful and fascinating divisions in human knowledge is widely accepted. Whethe

3、r it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. Where we shall do the test is still under discussion. Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting. 主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此常把它移到句子末尾，用it作形式主语。其中that引导的尤为多见。可有以下几种搭配，请同学们掌握，达到熟练运用于实战中，特别是作文部分。如： 1 It + be + adj + that

4、-clause It is necessary that It is important that It is strange that It is obvious that 2 It + be + v-ed + that-clause It is believed that It is known to all that It has been decided that It is hoped that It is supposed that It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可有毫不夸张的说 It must be admitt

5、ed that It must be pointed out that It is asserted that It is generally considered that It was told that It is estimated that 3 It + be + n + that-clause It is a surprise that It is a fact that It is good news that 4 It + vi + that-clause It appears that It happens that It occurred to me that It has

6、 turned out that2表语从句 1 位于连系动词之后，整个句子在主句中作表语的即是表语从句。表语从句对主语进行解释、说明，使其内容具体化。常见的连系动词有be, seem, appear, remain, look, sound等。如;That is why she had a day-off yesterday. The reason I didnt go to Shanghai was that I got a new job in Hefei. 2 它还可以由as if/ though, because, as 引导。 如： It looks as if it is goin

7、g to snow. It may be because he is too young. Things are not always as they seem to be.3宾语从句 宾语从句就是整个从句做及物动词、介词和少数形容词的宾语。理解起来不难。请同学们牢记于心。1 作及物动词的宾语。如： I know that he is friendly and hospitable. Do you know when we shall have a meeting? The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work. 2 作介词宾语。

8、 如： He was interested in whatever he saw in Hefei. I was surprised at what he said to his ex-wife. I know nothing about the matter except what you told me. 有时我们会碰到“prep + it + that”结构，这时，it 可以看作是that 从句的先行词。如： You may depend on it that they will support you. 3 作形容词的宾语。 如： He is pleased that he has p

9、assed a tough test.4同位语从句（重点掌握） 1 它(整个从句)一般紧跟在名词之后，用来表达名词的内容，对其前面的名词内容加以解释。能跟同位语从句的往往是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词。常见的有：belief, conclusion, decision, dream, evidence, fact, idea, information, instruction, message, news, order, promise, question, rumor, thought, truth, warning 等。 We were very excited at the news th

10、at our Chinese athletes won many gold medals. The fact that the contract was signed was important. I dont believe the rumor that he has killed his step mother. 2 同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。这是一种独特的形式，务必注意。如： Weve just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way. The rumor spread

11、 that a new hospital would be built here. The story goes that they are divorced each other.二定语从句（重点掌握） 在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个一句话，叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做“先行词”。定语从句通常跟在先行词之后，由关系词引出。关系词有两类： 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose等。 关系副词：when, where, why等。关系词有连接、指代和语法三重作用。如： The man who is standing by the clas

12、sroom is our English teacher. This is the room where chairman Mao once lived.1关系代词引导的定语从句 1 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，但如果跟在介词之后作介词宾语时不能省略。如： The boy (whom) I mentioned is the principals son. This is the girl with whom he worked. 2 在下面几种情况下必须用that引导定语从句（必背） 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing,

13、anything, none等。如： Everything that happened then was like a nightmare. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如：This is the best movie that Ive ever seen. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some,等修饰；或被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。如： I have read all the books that you gave me.

14、He is the only person that I want to talk to. Please send us any information that you have about the subject. 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如： They are talking about things and persons that they remembered. 在以 who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复。如： Who is the girl that is crying ? Which of the books that borrowed from

15、the library is yours? It happened on the day that(when) he was born. 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已经用了which，则另一个用that. The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before. 主句以 there be 开头。如： There is a seat in the corner that is still free.2由关系副词引导的定语从句 He showed me the place w

16、here he lived. Do you know the reason why he was late? I still remember the days when I stayed in Shanghai. This is the reason why we must go earlier now.3限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句种类意义形式功能翻译关系代词关系副词限制性定语从句描述主句的人或物的具体情况，是主语不可或缺的一部分，如省去，主句意义不完整，甚至没有意义。紧跟先行词，主句和从句间不用逗号。修饰先行词一般译成定语who,whomwhose,thatwhichwhen,whe

17、re,why,how非限制性定语从句对主句的人或物提供附加情况，起补充说明作用，如省去，主句意义仍完整。主句和从句间用逗号隔开。先行词或整个句子译为另一个句子who,whomwhose,whichwhen,where 1 who, whom, whose, which, when, where引导的非限制性定语从句。如： Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. He will put off th

18、e picnic until May 1st, when he will be free. They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held. 2 介词在非限制性定语从句中不能后置；关系代词也不能省略。 Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 3 非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which 有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是指代整个主句的意思。如： In the presence of so many people

19、 he was a little tense, which was understandable. 4 Noun + of + which/whom 引导的定语从句。如： Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300,000 kilometers per second. There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.4As 引导的定语从句 1 引导限制性定语从句 as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中做主语、宾语、表语

20、或状语，构成 the same as, such as, so as 等结构。如： Here are such questions as are often asked by the college students. Here is so easy a question as everybody can answer. 2 引导非限制性定语从句as 引出非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。As 有“正如, 就像” 如： As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer. He forgo

21、t to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. He is absorbed in work, as he often was. As we all know, the earth is round.三状语从句（掌握）状语从句就是整个句子在复合句中做状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词和副词等。所以，我们习惯上又把状语从句称为副词性从句。常见的有如下几种：1时间状语从句 1 when, whenever, as, while, before, after, till, until, since等。 When he was young, he

22、 was a good singer. While I was doing my homework, he was listening to music. 2 as soon as, immediately, presently, the instant/ minute/ moment/ second, directly “一就” 如： I want to see him the minute he arrives. 3 no sooner than, hardly(scarcely)when (before) 意为“一 就”。 I had just started back for the

23、house to change my clothes when I heard voices. Scarcely had he gone out when it started to snow.2地点状语从句 The doctor advised me to live where the air is fresher. She found her calculator where she lost it. He is the center of attention wherever he goes.3原因状语从句 1 because, since, as, for. 它们都引导原因状语从句，但

24、程度不同。because最强，常用于回答why 引导的疑问句；since 表示附带原因；as 只是对主句的附带说明，一般放在句首；for 引导的原因状语从句不说明行为发生的直接原因，而是提供一些补充说明，不位于句首。如： He was late because he missed the bus. Since you say so, I suppose it is true. As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman. She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakf

25、ast. 2 now(that), considering (that), seeing(that), in that 由于，既然。 Now that you are here, youd better take up in the party. Seeing(that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.4条件状语从句 连词有：if, unless, provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose(that), as/so long as, on condition that, in

26、the event that, in case等。 You will be late unless you leave immediately. Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, Ill explain the secret.5让步状语从句 连词有：though/ although, even if/ though（语气较强），as。1 使用though, although时，避免与but连用。2 whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever) / no matter what( who,which, whe

27、n);两者引出的让步状语从句意义无明显差别，常译为“无论” Whatever / No matter what happens, we shall never lose hope.Whoever / No matter who you are, you must obey the school regulation. 3 as 虽然，尽管。 as 引导让步状语结构如下：“(adj / adv/ v / v-ing / v-ed / n )+ as + 主谓”。 Strong as you may be, you cannot lift it. Late as it was, they cont

28、inued to study. Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress. Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you.4 whetheror 不管，无论。 Whether it rains or not, were playing football on Sunday. Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful.6方式状语从句 1 as , as so 如： She enjoys all kinds of music, a

29、s I do. You must do the homework as the teacher says. As water is to fish, so air is to man. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. Like me, she enjoys all kinds of music.（比较as与like） 2 as if / as though 首先，注意其引出的句子是真实还是虚拟。 It looks as if the weather may pick up

30、 very soon. They looked at me as if I were mad. 其次，它们还可以引出一个分词短语，不定式短语或无动词短语，形成一种特殊结构。如： He cleared his throat as if to say something. The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.7比较状语从句 1 than She likes reading better than going to parties. He has lived here longer than I . They love the girl than

31、 him. He has more friends than she. 2 as as or not so/ as as We were as fortunate as them. I hope she will make as much progress as you. She runs as fast as a boy does. 3 the, the The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.8目的状语从句 1 so, so that, in order that, 引导的从句谓语常用can, could, may,

32、might, shall, should, will, would等情态动词。如： She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight. They stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake. 2 in case, for fear that, lest 通常用虚拟语气。 She explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her. Lest anyone should t

33、hink it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.9结果状语从句 1 sothat, such that; so后面接adj or adv. such后面接n. 如果在n 前有many, much, few, little修饰时，要用 so that. 如： She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying. He made such rapid progress that he soon began to write articles in English. He told us such a story that we all laughed. 2 so that She phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound. Suddenly it began to rain heavily, so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.