2022届高考英语文章阅读与分析--酚醛文章的分析.docx

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1、BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland 人名，(aientist) (working in NewYork) , discovered and patented a revolutionary 突破性的 new synthetic 合成材料 material. His invention(,which he named Bakelite ,) was oftechnological importance, and effectively launched 启动;开始 the modern plast

2、ics industry.酚醛塑料的发现以及意义The term plastic comes from the 3reek 希腊 plassein, meaning to mould 塑造.1、 Some plastics are derived from 来自;从得到 natural sources, 2、some are semisynthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance 物质)，and 3、some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineere

3、d from the constituents 成夕 of coal 煤 or oil 石油.4、Some are thermo 热 plastic (, which means that,) like 第一空 candlewax烛蜡,they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. 5、 Others are 热固的 thermo (setting 环境，场合)like eggs, they cannot revert to 还 their originalstate, and their shape is thus fixed for ever

4、 永远;总是.Bakelite had thedistinction 差别；区分 of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic 酚醛塑料 是第一种完全合成的热固性塑料。,5种早期塑料引出酚醛塑料The history of today* s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi -半 synthetic in the mid-nineteenth century.今天塑料的历史开始于十九世纪 中期一系列半合成热塑性材料的发现he impetus动力be

5、hind the development of these early plastics was generated 制作 by a number of factors 【三个因素】-immense 巨大 由 technological progress in the domain ofchemistry, coupled with 夕卜力口，力口上 widercultural changes, and the pragmatic need (to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of luxury1 materials s

6、uch as tortoiseshell and ivory.)早期塑料的起源及制作Baekelands interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium 比利时，he embarked on 从事 research (into phenolic resins 酚醛树脂)，the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile f

7、luid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to 回至U jt some years later. Byl905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having (三谓语动词)recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had

8、 been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekelands major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery o

9、f the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis, On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent(describing this preparation), the essential featu

10、res of which are still in use today. Baekeland的一生经历以及成就The original 原始 patent 专利 outlined 概述 a three-stage process, in which phenol 苯 酚 and formaldehyde 甲醛(from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum 真 空 inside a large egg-shaped kettle 水壶,The result was a resin 树月旨 (known as Novalak) ,w

11、hich became soluble 可溶的 and malleable 有延展性的 when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays 托盘 until it hardened 变硬，and then broken up 打碎， 破碎 and ground into powder 粉末.Other substances were then introduced: including fillers 填充料，such as woodflour 木粉,asbestos 石棉 or cotton 棉花，which increas

12、e strength and moisture 水分 resistance, catalysts 催化齐!l (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa,a compound 5昆合物 of ammonia 氨 and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then

13、left to cool and harden, and ground up 磨滑 a second time. The resulting granular 粒状 powder was raw 生的 Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured 已制成的 objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow 空的 mould 模具 of the,setting* itsrequired shape and subjected

14、to extreme heat and pressure, form for life.酚醛的制法步骤The design of Bakelite objects (, everything from earrings to television sets,) was governed to a large extent 很大程度上 by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and dif

15、ficult to extract 提炼.A common general rule 般规则 was (that objects should taper 逐渐变小 towards the deepest part of the mould, and if (it is) necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces.) Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten 铸造的 Bakelite would flow evenly 平稳地;有规律地 and completel

16、y 完全地；彻底地 into the mould. Sharp corners 锐化边角 proved impractical不切实际的and were不切实际的and wereavoided, giving rise to the smooth, streamlined 流线型的“ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial 至关重要的：thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor (which had to

17、 be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.) 制作 酚醛的一些风险以及注意的要点Baekelands invention (, although treated with disdain in its early years,) went on to enjoy an unparalleled 无与伦比的；独特的 popularity (which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century.) It

18、 became the wonder 极好的 product of the new world of industrial expansion 扩大一the material of a thousand uses. Being both non-porous 无孑L的 and heat-resistant 抗热的,Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free 无菌的 and sterilisable 可杀菌的.Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating 隔热的 proper

19、ties and consumers everywhere relished v.享受,喜欢；憧 憬，期盼；品味its dazzling adj.令人赞叹的，给人深刻印象的；耀眼的，眩目的array n.- 系歹(I,大量;数组，阵歹II ;盛装 of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab adj.单调的；土褐色的 browns of the pre-plastic era 时代. It then fell from favour again

20、during the 1950s,and was despised 轻视 and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed 再次发生的 demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors, marketplace 市场;商场，and museums, societies and dedicated 专用的 individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material. 酚醛的评价以及顾客的评价