样本均数的抽样误差与置信区间49644.docx
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1、第三章 样本均数的抽样误差与置信区间 联系:数据/变量在离散点或区间上分布分布特征数应用样本数据x 频数分布表频数分布图描述指标()参考值范围随机变量X ,误差概率分布表概率分布图总体参数() ()置信区间3.1 样本本均数的分布布从同一总体中中独立抽取多多份样本, 他们的均数数常大小不一一, 这说明明样本均数存存在变异。通通过电脑实验验来认识样本本均数的变异异规律一、正态总体样样本均数的分分布实验3.1 从正态分布布总体抽样的的实验 假定正常常男子的红血血球计数服从从正态分布NN(4.66002, 0.574622),随机抽取取1000份样样本, 每份含n5个个体。样样本均数依然然是一个随机
2、机变量, 且且 (1) 各样样本均数未必必等于总体均均数(,误差?); (2) 样本本均数之间存存在差异(,变异); (3) 样本本均数的分布布很有规律,围绕着总体体均数,中间多、两两边少, 左右基本本对称(对称、正态态?); (4) 样本本均数的变异异范围较原变变量变异范围围大大缩小(); (5) 随着着样本量的增增大, 样本均数数变异范围逐逐渐缩小()。图3.1 从正态分布总体抽样的实验结果原正态总体N(4.6602, 0.57462);直方图是样本均数的分布(Luo: 这里横坐标为,若改为便是误差分布图的形状不变)3.74.14.54.95.35.73.74.14.54.95.35.73
3、.74.14.54.95.35.7n=5 n=10 n=30(a) (b) (c)表表3_2实3_1a 表3.11 从N(4.66602, 0.574462)中随机抽样样, 样本量为为5, 1000份独立样本的均数、标标准差和总体体均数的955%置信区间间(单位:1012 /L)样本号均数标准差95%置信区间间样本号均数标准差95%置信区间间15.00.56884.2939, 5.70062514.48.40063.9827, 4.9777324.72.34704.2891, 5.15509524.32.54873.6388, 5.0001234.24.57633.5246, 4.955545
4、34.88.37324.4167, 5.3443444.64.59493.9014, 5.37786544.68.35244.2425, 5.1117554.60.40054.1028, 5.09972554.80.58664.0717, 5.5228364.80.81863.7837, 5.81163564.52.35044.0850, 4.9555074.68.45024.1211, 5.23389574.88.68694.0272, 5.7332884.32.82253.2989, 5.34411584.80.52324.1505, 5.4449594.72.59643.9796, 5.
5、46604594.80.27944.4531, 5.14469104.40.44963.8418, 4.95582604.76.58234.0371, 5.48830114.60.56833.8944, 5.30056614.76.70833.8807, 5.63394124.60.34014.1778, 5.02222624.12.57933.4008, 4.83392134.60.66483.7746, 5.42254634.72.44194.1714, 5.26686144.76.62743.9811, 5.53389644.44.28184.0902, 4.78898154.20.68
6、863.3451, 5.05549654.921.02673.6454, 6.19947164.64.30914.2562, 5.02238664.80.71913.9073, 5.69927174.96.42234.4357, 5.48843674.72.43614.1786, 5.26614184.96.40834.4532, 5.46669684.84.58734.1109, 5.56691194.68.58753.9506, 5.40094694.36.48923.7527, 4.96673204.84.53404.1771, 5.50030704.76.33534.3437, 5.1
7、7763214.92.28524.5659, 5.27741714.40.43093.8650, 4.93350224.60.45174.0392, 5.16608724.68.68803.8259, 5.53341234.44.43333.9021, 4.97779734.60.43014.0661, 5.13339244.96.37114.4993, 5.42207744.48.64113.6841, 5.27759254.64.47424.0513, 5.2228775*4.16.39273.6724, 4.64476264.96.53494.2959, 5.62241764.52.54
8、873.8388, 5.20012274.48.47783.8868, 5.07732774.36.39303.8721, 4.84479284.68.38184.2061, 5.1553978*5.04.20524.7853, 5.29947294.68.62893.8992, 5.46608794.56.99633.3231, 5.79969305.28.64674.4771, 6.08829804.80.62434.0249, 5.57751314.84.67244.0053, 5.6774781*4.00.20903.7405, 4.25595324.52.32034.1224, 4.
9、91176824.64.34144.2162, 5.06638334.76.58414.0348, 5.48852835.04.40504.5372, 5.54428344.48.20844.2213, 4.73388844.52.53533.8555, 5.18845355.04.66464.2149, 5.86651854.44.32764.0333, 4.84467364.56.39124.0743, 5.04457864.60.37974.1287, 5.07713374.68.51834.0366, 5.32234874.48.28014.1322, 4.82278384.80.74
10、453.8758, 5.72242884.64.24734.3330, 4.94471394.72.72603.8187, 5.6221389*5.32.39824.8256, 5.81144404.68.85673.6165, 5.74435904.92.34734.4888, 5.35512414.561.02413.2887, 5.83313914.72.29414.3548, 5.08852424.76.67863.9175, 5.60025924.44.42733.9096, 4.97704435.04.51764.3974, 5.68826934.48.35944.0338, 4.
11、92262444.52.36584.0659, 4.97741944.92.44564.3668, 5.47732454.52.59443.7821, 5.25580954.64.47584.0494, 5.23306464.72.50244.0963, 5.34437964.76.85163.7027, 5.81173475.12.63544.3312, 5.90088974.64.45604.0739, 5.20061484.76.58374.0354, 5.48846984.36.33683.9419, 4.7778149*4.04.35953.5937, 4.48863994.56.6
12、1973.7907, 5.32293504.52.60943.7634, 5.277661004.60.45664.0331, 5.16669* 由这份样本本估计的955%置信区间间实际上并未未复盖总体均均数图图3_1 表3.2 从N(4.66602, 0.574462)中随机抽取取1000份独立样本, 其均数的频频数分布组段下限(10012 /L)频数频率(%)累积频率(%)3.60- 1 0.1 0.13.80- 5 0.5 0.64.00- 32 3.2 3.84.20-11711.715.54.40-22922.938.44.60-30430.468.84.80-21821.890.6
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