认知语言学：框架与构式资料.ppt

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1、认知语言学：框架与构式5.1 Frame and Scripts The notion of frame was introduced into linguistics by Charles Fillmore in the middle of the 1970s based on his by now classic example,the commercial event frame.框架这一概念由 Charles Fillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学，它的基础是“商商务务事件事件”框架。框架。An example of BUYAn example of BUYADThe Fr

2、ame of BUYThe Frame of BUY Mary bought some books from John for 500 dollors.some booksB(goods)A(buyer)Mary C(money)500 dollorsD(seller)JohnFrame and perspectiveThe assignment of syntactic roles is governed by the choice of the verb buy,which is the syntactic perspective.The notion of perspective rel

3、ies on the principle of prominence,that is on figure/ground segregation.The BUY frame is not just a useful tool for the syntactic description of the verb buy,but it can also be applied to the verbs sell,charge and pay.The difference of the four verbs is simply a change of perspective within the same

4、 frame.(1)David bought an old shirt from John for ten pounds.(2)John sold an old shirt toDavid for ten pounds.(3)John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt.(4)David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.The two verbs buy and pay describe the comercial event from the BUYERs perspective,while s

5、ell and charge perspectivize the situation from the SELLERs point of view.Frame and perspectiveFrame and perspectiveThis is a first sign that the frame approach goes beyond the figure and ground approach in that it pays more attention to the less prominent parts of sentences like adverbials.The fram

6、e notion:different conceptions and related concepts the notion of frame any system of linguistic choicescollections of wordschoices of grammatical rules or linguistic categriesStarting out from this linguistic position,the conception of the frame notion has shifted towards a cognitive interpretation

7、.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsEvery sentence evokes a certain cognitive perspective on a situation by the choice of the verb and the particular syntactic pattern that it governs.The basis for perspective is mainly provided by the cognitive ability of directing ones atte

8、ntion.The similarities between two approaches:the figure and ground approach&the frame and attention approachThe frame notion:different The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts conceptions and related conceptsthe profiling of participants in an interactive network as syntactic fig

9、ure and groundthe notion of perspectivizing two elements of a frame as subject and objectThey rely on Fillmores early Case Grammer,and share the belief that clause patterns cannot be seen in isolation but against their cognitive backgroundThe frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsTh

10、e differences between the two approaches:(1)Researches working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame.(2)The frame approach presents a unified view of syntactic patterns,(3)the figure and ground approach mainly emphasizes the two p

11、rominent entities on the level of clause in the syntactic figure and the syntactic ground;however,the frame has something to say about linguistic items that attract only a small portion of our attention potential.Examples:5.David spent ten pounds on an old shirt.6.The old shirt cost David ten pounds

12、.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsFrames can be conceived as a way of describing the cognitive context which provides the background for and is associated with cognitive categories.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsFrames are just one of variety of

13、cognitive models which also include the scenarios,domains and interactive networks and the scrips.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeThe relevence of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and congnitive units.The following little story:Sue caught a pla

14、ne from London to Madrid.After she had found her seat she checked whether the life vest was beneath it,but she could not find it.So she asked the flight attendant to find one for her.Attention:the two occurrences of the definite article the.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeQuestion:Why so the

15、 two uses of the definite article sound completely nautral,although they cannot be explained with the rules of grammar alone?Explaination:We need to make inferences that are based on our world knowledge to understand the definite references.Cognitive categories act both as anchors and as triggers fo

16、r frames.Frame is in the format of categories and their interrelations that frames are designed and it is by the same categories that they are activated.Categories is to provide“default assignments”by supplying context-dependent prototypes.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scrip

17、ts:flying on a planeAll these expectations that are based on our experience and stored in our long-term memory are part of the frame-system and influence our ability to produce and understand the language related to it.所有这些基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分，并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。From frames to scripts:f

18、lying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a planeTheFLYING ON A PLANE frame has so far been presented as if it were a motley collection of categories.A flight exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in whic

19、h one stage is often a prerequisite for the next stage.Viewing the flight from such a sequential perspective,we go beyond simple frames and move into the scripts,i.e.knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeF

20、rom frames to scripts:flying on a planeThe restaurant scriptThe restaurant scriptThe RESTAURANT script as developed by the computer scientist Roger Schank and the social psychologist Robert Abelson.It can be divided into 4 scenes:Entering,ordering,eating and exiting.In entering,a number of condition

21、 must be fufilled.props 道具道具roles 人物人物entry conditions进进入条件入条件桌子 tables菜单 menu食物 food(F)账单 bill 钱 money顾客 customer(S)服务生 waiter(W)厨师 cook(C)收银员 cashier(M)店主 owner(O)S 饿了 S is hungryS 有钱 S has moneyOrdering scene of the restaurant scriptsOrdering scene of the restaurant scriptsAlthough we are all fam

22、iliar with the information stored in scripts,when we produce or listen to language we unconsciously fill in an incredible amount of information taken from frames and scripts.eg.John went into a restaurant.He asked the waitress for coq au vin.He paind the bill and left.Without supplying this informat

23、ion we would certainly not be able to understand even the most simple pieces of discourse.eg.John went into a restaurant.He saw a waitress.He got up and went home.5.2 Event-frames and the windowing of attention5.2 Event-frames and the windowing of attentionFrames can provide valuable tools for the l

24、inguistic and conceptual analysis of situations like buying and selling,or having a meal in a restaurant.The notion of frame can be extended to describe more general situations,such as event chains linked by temporal sequences or causation.The information provided by the frame is still fairly specif

25、ic.For example:the everyday practices of paying by credit card.However,the frame would not be valid at all in culture where goods are traded for other goods rather than sold for money.Therefore,frames are cognitive structures that are context-and-culture-dependent.The question is the notion of frame

26、:1)is restricted to certain contexts and culturesor 2)can be conceieved of as being a much more basic cognitive phenomenon that underlines a wide variety of real-world situations and is shared by all human beings.Such a universalist-cognitive line of research is pursued by Talmy in his investigation

27、 of event types.Motion event and motion event-framesTo understand Talmys motion event,lets first review the situations with moving objects mentioned in this book.Granted that figure/ground segregation is a universally valid principle of perception,the three components,FIGURE,GROUND and PATH are cruc

28、ial for a cognitive description of a motion event.Step further,MOTION can be regarded as a fourth component of motion event.In addition to the conceptual component moving,fly,in the sentence A ballon flew over the house,also describes the way or MANNER of the movement,and this may be regarded as the

29、 fifth component to the structure of a motion event.For a motion event to take place,something must have caused the moving object to start moving or stay in motion.This CAUSE element can be an inportant factor in the conceptualization of motion event.Six cognitive components FIGURE,GROUND,PATH,MOTIO

30、N,MANNER and CAUSE define the motion event-frame.FIGURE MOTION PATH GROUND主体主体 位移位移 路径路径 背景背景FIGURE MOTION PATH GROUND主体主体 位移位移 路径路径 背景背景GENUINE MOTION真正“位移”LOCATEDNESS静止状态The pencil rolled off the table.铅笔 从桌子上滚落下来。The pencil lay on the table。铅笔放在桌子上。The pencil blew off the table.铅笔从桌子上被吹落了下来。The p

31、encil dtuck on the table(after I glued it).铅笔粘在了桌子上（在我粘上它之后）。MANNER方式CAUSE 原因Generalized from motion event,Talmy defines the notion of event-frame as the following:A set of conceptual elements and interrelationships that.are evoked together or co-evoke each other can be said to liee within or consti

32、tute an event-frame,while the elements that are conceieved of as incidental-whether evoked weakly or not at all-lie outside the event-frame.(Talmy 2000/I:259)Talmy identifies five types of event-frames:motion event-frames 位移事件框架 causation event-frames 致使事件框架cyclic event-frames 循环事件框架 participant-int

33、eraction event-frames 参与者互动事件框架interrelationship event-frames 相互关系事件框架Windowing of attention in motion event-framesWindowing of attention in motion event-framesA flight situation:On 26 July 1909 Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel from Les Baraques to Dover.1909年7月26日 Louis Bleriot从Les Bar

34、aques到Dover飞过英吉利海峡。FIGURE 主体主体MOTION位移位移PATH 路径路径GROUND 背景背景Louis Bleriotflewacrossthe English ChannelTheir specific function becomes clearer when we consider all three spatial adverbials contained in this sentence.While the first(across the channel)is seen as evoking the whole PATH component of the

35、 motion event-frame,the second and third(from Les Baraques and to Dover)are regarded as explicit sepecifications of the PATH component drawing attention to its initial and final points.This cognitive process of forgrounding certain portions of an event-frame is called windowing of attenion by Talmy.

36、The conceptual material that makes up part of an event-frame is background is labelled Gapping.Pathwindowing attentional windows can be pathgapping opened and closed Schematic representation of Schematic representation of positional types of windowing positional types of windowing 视窗位置类型的图示展示视窗位置类型的

37、图示展示 medial windowing PATH FIGURE in motion initial final initial final windowing windowingwindowing windowing GROUND GROUND Open path Open path 开放路径开放路径The crate that was in the aircrafts cargo bay fell-飞飞机机货舱货舱中的板条箱掉中的板条箱掉-1.Single windows:单一视窗a:intial windowing -out of the airplaneb:medial window

38、ing -through the airc:final windowing -into the ocean2.Combined windows：组合视窗a+b:intial and medial windowing -out of the airplane through the aira+c:intial and final widowing -out of the airplane into the oceanb+c:medial and fianl windowing -through the air into the oceana+b+c:maximal windowing over

39、-out of the plane through the air the whole PATH into the oceanClosed path 封封闭闭路径路径I need the milk.我想喝牛奶我想喝牛奶。-1.Single windows:单一视窗a:intial windowing -*Go.b:medial windowing -Get it out of the refrigerator.c:final windowing -Bring it here.2.Combined windows：组合视窗a+b:intial and medial windowing -Go g

40、et it out of the refrigerator.a+c:intial and final widowing -Go bring it here.b+c:medial and fianl windowing -Get it out of the refrigerator and bring it here.a+b+c:maximal windowing over -Go get it out of the refrigerator and bring the whole PATH it here.Fictive path Fictive path 虚拟路径虚拟路径Where is y

41、our bike?你的自行你的自行车车在哪？在哪？-1.Single windows:单一视窗a:intial windowing -It is across from the bakery.b:medial windowing -It is across the street.c:final windowing -*It is leaning against the lampost across.2.Combined windows：组合视窗a+b:intial and medial windowing -It is across the street from the bakery.a+c

42、:intial and final widowing -It is leaning against the lampost across from the bakery.b+c:medial and fianl windowing -It is leaning against the lampost across the street.a+b+c:maximal windowing over -It is leaning against the lampost across.the whole PATH the street from the bakery.Real path with max

43、imal windowing:intial window medial window final windowGo from the bakery across the street to the lamppost bakery street lamppostFictive path with maximal windowing:It is leaning against the lamppost across the street from the bakeryCausal-chain windowing 致使致使链视链视窗窗Traditional notion of causation:A

44、 simple yes-no categoryeg.non causative (die,fall)causative (kill drop)However:Talmy argued in 1976 that different degrees of caussation exist:event-causation事件致使：The vase broke.author-causation人为致使:He broke the vase by mistake.agent-causation施事致使:He broke the vase to irritate his wife.Talmy claimed

45、 that many events involving causation should be treated as a complex sequences of more elementary stages and subevents.eg.John broke the window(with a stone).1.The agent decides that hes going to break the window.2.He bends hid knees,moves his hand to ground to grasp a stonr,straightens up and lifts

46、 the stone with his hand,swing his arm while holding the stone in his hand,and releases the stone from his hand thus propelling it forward.3.The stone sails through the air.4.The stone forcefully makes contact with window.5.The window breaks.Each subevent is linked to the next by a causal relation,a

47、nd this motivates Talmys term causal-chain event.It is possible to deduce from this example the components of causal-chain event-frame.Stages of causal event-frame Eg.John broke the window with a stone.1.Agent intends to act1.The agent makes his mind that he is going to break the windows.2.Agent set

48、s parts of his body or his whole body in motion and thereby intiates the causative event.2.He bends hid knees,moves his hand to ground to grasp a stonr,straightens up and lifts the stone with his hand,swing his arm while holding the stone in his hand,and releases the stone from his hand thus propell

49、ing it forward.3.Intermediate subevents which are causally related to each other(optional)3.The stone sails through the air.4.Penultimate sunevent=immediate cause of final result4.The stone forcefully makes contact with window.5.Final resulting sunevent=agents intended goal5.The window breaks.In thi

50、s section frames were approached from a universalist-cognitive point of view,from which event-frames seem to be shared by speakers of all languages.这一节中，框架是从普遍认知观的角度来理解的，这种观点人为，事件框架是为所有语言的说话人所共有的。5.3 Language-specific framing and its use in narritive texts5.3 Language-specific framing and its use in