哈佛大学公开课——幸福学(积极心理学)PPT01.ppt

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1、Psychology 1504Positive PsychologyHouse keepingFeedback or questionsIn case of an emergency well take a PP-breakPowerpoints and videotape on websiteActive note-takingOverlap with 1508?The Road to Positive PsychologyHumanistic Psychology(50s)The Third Force Reaction to behaviorism Reaction to psychoa

2、nalysis Lacked rigorous methodologyAbraham Maslow(1908-1970)Karen Horney(1885-1952)Meet the GrandparentsMeet the ParentsMartin SeligmanEllen LangerPhilip StoneMeet 1504It is not merely about informationIt is also about transformation Covering less;uncovering more“In pursuit of knowledge,every day so

3、mething is acquired;in pursuit of wisdom,every day something is dropped.”Lao Tzu“The soul grows by subtraction,not addition.”ThoreauInformation is not enough“What is wrong is not the great discoveries of scienceinformation is always better than ignorance,no matter what information or what ignorance.

4、What is wrong is the belief behind the information,the belief that information will change the world.It wont.”Archibald MaCleishInformation is not enough“Humanistic philosophy offers a new conception of learning,of teaching,and of education.Stated simply,such a concept holds that the function of edu

5、cation,the goal of educationthe human goal,the humanistic goal,the goal so far as human beings are concernedis ultimately the self-actualization of a person,the becoming fully human,the development of the fullest height that the human species can stand up to or that the particular individual can com

6、e to.In a less technical way,it is helping the person to become the best that he is able to become.”Abraham MaslowIt is not about providing definitive answers concerning the good lifeIt is about identifying the right questions“Children enter school as question marks and leave as periods.”Neil Postma

7、nEducation is the quest for information and transformation,and therefore must begin with a question.“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.”Bishop CreightonThe Question of QuestionsHow can we help ourselves and othersindividuals,communiti

8、es,and societybecome happier?It is not a survey of positive psychologyIt is a selective exploration of the question of questions.Cross cultural psychology Eclectic Studying others and ourselvesIt is not English 10a or Math 55It is about rigorous fun“I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this

9、side of complexity,but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.”Oliver Wendell Holmes A different kind of effort Change is hard Rigorous fun?Final Project 20-30 minute Presentation Any topic within positive psychology Written text(10-15 pages double spaced)Slides(word

10、 or powerpoints)Include:Reference to research Optional:stories,film clips,exercises,etc Why a presentation?Teaching as learning Spread goodnessWhy Positive Psychology?Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040Psychological Abstracts(1967-2000)Joy:415Happiness:1,710Life satisfaction:2,582Ratio:21/1Fo

11、cusing on the Negative“The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side;it has revealed to us much about mans shortcomings,his illnesses,his sins,but little about his potentialities,his virtues,his achievable aspirations,or his psychological height.It

12、is as if psychology had voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction,and that the darker,meaner half.”Abraham MaslowAccentuating the Positive“The aim of Positive Psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life

13、 to also building the best qualities in life.”Martin SeligmanPsychology Needs Help21/1 ratio is unhealthy but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960)Does Psychology Need Help?21/1 ratio of studies is unhealthy but

14、 it reflects realitydepression 10 times higher today than 1960mean age for depression today is 14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960)80%of Harvard students depressed at least once last year45%of college students nationwide depressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005)Why More“Positive”Research?Psychology as creati

15、ve rather than merely reactiveHappiness is not the negation of unhappinessPrevention through cultivating the positive“Negative”ResearchNegative ExperiencesUnhappiness Spiral“Positive”ResearchPositive ExperiencesHappiness SpiralHeisenberg Uncertainty Principle“Human systems grow in the direction of w

16、hat they persistently ask questions about.”Cooperrider and WhitneyHappiness isnt the Negation of Unhappiness Disease Model Health Model Focus on weaknesses Focus on strengths Overcoming deficiencies Building competencies Avoiding pain Seeking pleasure Running from unhappiness Pursuing happiness Neut

17、ral state(0)as ceiling No ceiling Tensionless as ideal Creative tension as ideal-_ 0 _+neurosis,anger,anxiety,wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosisexcitement,happinessPrevention through cultivating positiveIllness as the absence of health(vs.health as the absence of illness)“It neurosis is

18、a falling short of what one could have been,and even,one could say,of what one should have been,biologically speaking,that is,if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way.Human and personal possibilities have been lost.The world has been narrowed,and so has consciousness.Capacities have been i

19、nhibited.”Abraham Maslow“We have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonal skill,faith,work ethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,the capacity for flow and insight,to name several.We have shown that learning optimi

20、sm prevents depression and anxiety in children and adults,roughly halving their incidence over the next two years.Similarly,I believe,that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk,that the effective prevention is not remedial.Rather it consis

21、ts of identifying and amplifying the strengths that these teens already have.”Martin SeligmanPrevention through cultivating positiveIllness as the absence of health(vs.health as the absence of illness)“It neurosis is a falling short of what one could have been,and even,one could say,of what one shou

22、ld have been,biologically speaking,that is,if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way.Human and personal possibilities have been lost.The world has been narrowed,and so has consciousness.Capacities have been inhibited.”Abraham MaslowStronger“psychological immune system”Mental health at Harva

23、rdThe Power of Positive Psychology:Studying At-Risk PopulationTraditional psychology(Post-WWII)“Why do these individuals fail?”Positive psychological approach(1980s-)“What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?”Resilience“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of p

24、ositive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.”Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinary characteristics,extraordinary resultsSocial supportResilience“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.”Masten&ReedSuperkids?

25、Ordinary characteristics,extraordinary resultsSocial supportOptimism and self-esteemFaith and a sense of meaningProsocial behaviorFocusing on strengthsSet goalsA role modelRole modelsOptimism and faithBlame to responsibilityDeficiencies focus to strengths focusPassive Victim Vs.Active Agentself pity

26、blamefrustrationanger _confidenceresponsibilityhope and optimismforgive/forget“The message of the Positive Psychology movement is to remind our field that it has been deformed.Psychology is not just the study of disease,weakness,and damage;it also is the study of strength and virtue.Treatment is not

27、 just fixing what is wrong;it also is building what is right.Psychology is not just about illness or health;it is about work,education,insight,love,growth,and play.And in this quest for what is best,Positive Psychology does not rely on wishful thinking,self-deception or hand-waving;instead it tries

28、to adapt what is best in the scientific method to the unique problems that human behavior presents in all its complexity.”Martin SeligmanBibliography and Recommendations Excellent website:www.psychologymatters.org Antonovsky(1979).Health,Stress,and Coping.San Fransisco:Jossey-Bass.Masten,A.S.&Reed,M

29、.J.(2002).Resilience in development.In C.R.Snyder and S.J.Lopez(Eds.),Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Seligman,M.E.P.,&Csikszentmihalyi,M.(2000).Positive Psychology.American Psychologist,55,5-14.Sheldon,K.M.&King,L(2001).Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary.American Psychologist,56,216-217.Snyder,C.R.&Lopez,S.J.(Eds.)(2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Collins,M.&Tamarkin,C.(1990).Marva Collins Way.Putnam:New York.Werner,E.&Smith,R.(2001).Journeys from Childhood to Midlife:Risk,Reilience and Recovery.Cornell University Press.