西方经济学课件知识讲解.ppt

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1、西方经济学课件2.1.1 需求曲线（The Demand Curve）价格保留价格 reservation price：消费者愿意支付的最高价格 数量5000 490048001234700数量价格D2.1.1 需求曲线（The Demand Curve）个人需求曲线与市场需求曲线市场需求=个人需求之和沿着需求曲线的变动需求曲线移动的原因收入的变化、替代品价格的变化、互补品价格的变化、人口结构的变化、偏好的变化、信息的变化、获得信贷难易的变化、预期的变化2.1.1 需求曲线（The Demand Curve）需求曲线移动pq2.1.2供给曲线（The Supply Curve）竞争性市场：多个

2、开放商时间长短：短期与长期价格数量S2.1.2供给曲线（The Supply Curve）一个厂商的供给曲线与市场供给曲线市场供给=个人供给之和沿着供给曲线的变动供给曲线移动的原因投入品价格的变化、技术的变化、自然环境的变化、获得信贷难易的变化、预期的变化2.1.3 市场均衡 价格需求数量P*需求曲线D共给曲线S均衡价格Q均衡数量Q*2.1.3 市场均衡为什么水的价格很低而钻石的价格很高？2.1.4比较静态分析 PQD比较静态分析2PQ其他配置方法完全垄断一般垄断租金控制DS供需变动对均衡的影响 Changes in the equilibrium price and quantity in

3、a market are the result of shifts in the supply curve,in the demand curve,or both.An increase in demanda rightward shift of the demand curveincreases both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity.A decrease in demanda leftward shift of the demand curvepushes down both the equilibrium price

4、 and the equilibrium quantity.An increase in supply drives the equilibrium price down but increases the equilibrium quantity.A decrease in supply raises the equilibrium price but reduces the equilibrium quantity.Often the fluctuations in markets involve shifts of both the supply and demand curves.Wh

5、en they shift in the same direction,the change in quantity is predictable but the change in price is not.When they move in opposite directions,the change in price is predictable but the change in quantity is not.When there are simultaneous shifts of the demand and supply curves,the curve that shifts

6、 the greater distance has greater effect on the change in price and quantity.供需变动对均衡的影响 When demand increases and supply decreases,the price rises but the change in thequantity is ambiguous.When demand decreases and supply increases,the price falls but the change in thequantity is ambiguous.When bot

7、h demand and supply increase,the quantity increases but the change inprice is ambiguous.When both demand and supply decrease,the quantity decreases but the change inprice is ambiguous.供需变动对均衡的影响供需变动对均衡的影响Case 22.1.5帕雷托最优（经济效率）没有使一个人的状况变好而不使其他人的状况变坏的状态2.1.6 供求法则 在竞争市场中，价格是由供求法则决定的。需求曲线和供给曲线的移动会导致均衡价格

8、的变化。恒等式、行为关系和均衡关系2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.1 价格的需求弹性：The price elasticity of demand需求量变化的百分比除以价格变化的百分比。弹性度量价格变化的敏感程度。2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.2 弹性大小取决于需求曲线的形状p1p2D1D22.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.3 弹性与需求1 富有弹性1 缺乏弹性=1 单位弹性=无穷大=0 无弹性2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.4 弹性与收入弹性大于1，降价，收入增加；涨价，收入减少弹性小于1

9、，降价，收入减少；涨价，收入增加弹性等于1，降价，涨价，收入不变2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.5 影响价格弹性的因素：可替代性、用途的广泛性、对生活的重要程度、占消费支出的比重、时间2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.6 价格的供给弹性：需求量变化的百分比除以价格变化的百分比。需求的交叉弹性：一种商品需求量变化的百分比从除以相关产品价格的百分比。替代-正值 互补-负值价格的收入弹性：需求量变化的百分比除以收入变化的百分比。正常品-劣等品：正-负 必须品-奢侈品 收入弹性大于1-收入弹性小于1弹性Some Estimated Price Elas

10、ticities of Demand Good Price elasticity of demand Inelastic demand Eggs 0.1Beef 0.4Stationery 0.5Gasoline 0.5Elastic demandHousing 1.2Restaurant meals 2.3Airline travel 2.4Foreign travel 4.1弹性Perfectly Inelastic Demand and Perfectly Elastic Demand：完全无弹性与完全有：完全无弹性与完全有弹性弹性AB弹性收入与弹性：缺乏弹性、单位弹性与富有弹性 If

11、demand for a good is elastic(the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1),an increase in price reduces total revenue.In this case,the quantity effect is stronger than the price effect.If demand for a good is inelastic(the price elasticity of demand is less than 1),a higher price increases total

12、 revenue.In this case,the price effect is stronger than the quantity effect.If demand for a good is unit-elastic(the price elasticity of demand is 1),an increase in price does not change total revenue.In this case,the quantity effect and the price effect exactly offset each other.弹性When demand is el

13、astic,the quantity effect dominates the price effect;so a fall in price increases total revenue.When demand is inelastic,the price effect dominates the quantity effect;so a fall in price reduces total revenue.When demand is unit-elastic,the two effects exactly balance;so a fall in price has no effec

14、t on total revenue.弹性 Demand is perfectly inelastic if it is completely unresponsive to price.It is perfectly elastic if it is infinitely responsive to price.Demand is elastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1;it is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is less than 1;and it

15、is unitelastic if the price elasticity of demand is exactly 1.When demand is elastic,the quantity effect of a price increase dominates the price effect,and total revenue falls.When demand is inelastic,the price effect of a price increase dominates the quantity effect,and total revenue increases.Beca

16、use the price elasticity of demand can change along the demand curve,economists mean aparticular point on the demand curve when referring to“the”price elasticity of demand.The availability of close substitutes makes demand for a good more elastic,as does the length of time elapsed since the price ch

17、ange.Demand for a necessary good is less elastic;demand for a luxury good is more elastic.交叉弹性The cross-price elasticity of demandbetween two goods measures the effectof the change in one goods price on thequantity demanded of the other good.Itis equal to the percent change in thequantity demanded o

18、f one good dividedby the percent change in the othergoods price.弹性ComplementsNegative Quantity demanded of one good falls when the price of another rises.Substitutes Positive Quantity demanded of one good rises when the price of another rises.收入弹性Inferior good：Negative Quantity demanded falls when i

19、ncome rises.Normal good：income-inelastic Positive,Quantity demanded rises when income rises,less than 1 but not as rapidly as income.Normal good：income-elastic Greater than 1 Quantity demanded rises when income rises,and more rapidly than income.供给弹性Perfectly inelastic supply：0.Price has no effect o

20、n quantity supplied(vertical supply curve).Greater than 0 less than :Ordinary upward-sloping supply curve.Perfectly elastic supply.Any fall in price causes quantity supplied tofall to 0.Any rise in price elicits an infinitequantity supplied(horizontal supply curve).弹性与税收负担The price elasticity of dem

21、and and the price elasticity of supply determine the incidence of a tax.In general,the higher the price elasticity of supply and the lower the price elasticity of demand,the more heavily the burden of an excise tax falls on consumers.Thelower the price elasticity of supply and the higher the price e

22、lasticity of demand,the more heavily the burden falls on producers.2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.7 需求与供给弹性的应用2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity2.2.7 需求与供给弹性的应用2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity税收政策与弹性：2.2 需求与供给的应用：弹性Elasticity最高限价：短缺最低限价：过剩价格控制Price controls:price ceiling and price floor最高、最低限价价格控制最高限价：price ceiling：a

23、 binding price ceiling is lower than equilibrium price.10008001.82.02.21200价格控制最高限价的后果：短缺的产生买者之间的无效率配置资源浪费质量低下黑市交易二战时期：OPEC石油价格：改革前的中国房租控制：纽约价格控制最低限价：price floor4.05.091012价格控制最低限价的后果：生产过剩卖者之间的无效率配置资源浪费无效率的高质量非法活动：贿赂欧盟农产品贸易：黑工市场：最低工资数量控制 Quantity controls or quotas are government-imposed limits on h

24、ow much of a good may be bought or sold.The quantity allowed for sale is the quota limit.The government then issues a quota licensethe right to sell a given quantity of a good under the quota.Because the quota limit is smaller than the amount of the good transacted in an unregulated market,the deman

25、d price is higher than the supply price,at the quota limit.This difference is called a wedge.This wedge is the quota rent,the earnings that accrue to the ownerof the quota-license from possessing the valuable right to sell the good.Like price controls,quantity controls create inefficiencies and enco

26、urage illegal activity.数量控制定额与许可：quotas and permitsQuota rent税收的代价 Like a quota,an excise tax drives a wedge between the demand price and the supply price.The incidence of an excise tax does not depend on who officially paysthe tax,the buyer or the seller.Like a quota,an excise tax creates inefficie

27、ncy by preventing mutuallybeneficial transactions between buyers and sellers.This excess burden,or deadweight loss from a tax means that its true cost is alwayslarger than the amount paid in taxes.Also like quotas,taxes create an incentive for illegal activity.税收的代价税收的代价TAX长期均衡供给曲线变化此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢