文化拓展American History课件--高中英语人教版（2019）必修第二册.pptx

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1、Major English-Speaking Countries:A Survey The history of the USAAmerican HistoryvThe History of ImmigrationvAmerica Colonial periodvthe Declaration of IndependencevThe American Civil War AMERICAN BEGINNINGS1.Discovery of America2.Puritanism清教,清教徒主义3.The Pilgrim Fathers4.The influence of Puritanism o

2、n American culture5.The causes and major leaders of the American Revolution6.The Declaration of Independence The Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis IslandThe History of Immigration At the 1998 commencement address（毕业典礼）at Portland（波特兰，

3、美国俄勒冈西北部港市)State University,U.S.president Bill Clinton voiced support for immigrants,including immigrants from Asia and Latin America when he said that：America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants.They have proved to be the most restless,the most adventurous,th

4、e most innovative,the most industrious of people.Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of American history.The economic,social,and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity,religion,economic benefits,job growth

5、,settlement patterns,environmental impact,impact on upward social mobility（上进心,向上倾向）,levels of criminality,nationalities,political loyalties,moral values,and work habits.Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island,1902vMongolia race is one of the four major races in the world,called the Asian American ethni

6、c or yellow race.American Indians,originated in central Asia and East Asia,are descendants of Mongoloid.The discovery of America vTime:1492.10.12vPerson:Christopher Columbus(Italian)who was regarded as“the first person who discovered the America”.vReason:Navigator Christopher Columbus came up with a

7、n idea that the earth is spherical(球形的，球面的，天体的)，it means he could travel to the west from the Atlantic ocean to India。in April 1492,the Spanish King and the Queen adopted the suggestion,gave him the priority to sail.vVoyage Condition:v1.The invention of compassv2.The development of shipbuildingv3.Ec

8、onomic foundationv4.The support of the Spanish Royalv5.The development of the capitalismvThe four voyage time:14921493,14931496,14981450,15021504vAchievement:v1.reached the islands of the Caribbean;v2.established the first colony in America;v3.Found some gold and row materials;v4.established the sla

9、very;vAmerigo Vespucci(阿美利哥维斯普齐)vVoyage time:14991502vAchievement:discovered the South AmericavProcess:From 1499 to 1501,Amerigo attended the voyage and reached the coast of Guyana.Amerigo sailed to the south,found the Amazon river estuary(河口),discovered the Trinidad and the Orinoco,back to Spain vi

10、a（经过）the Dominican republic.vStarting in the late 16th century,the English,Scottish,French,Swedes,Germans and the Dutch began to colonize eastern North America.vFrom the establishment of Jamestown to the Treaty of Paris afterward,American culture strongly resembled British culture.pilgrim fathervThe

11、 colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.vThey were:representative of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.vAme

12、rica Colonial period In 1607,some 100 men and boys sailing from England landed in present-day Virginia and founded Jamestown,the first permanent British settlement.It later grew into the Virginia colony.Inspired by the success of Spanish explorers who had found gold in South America,these adventurer

13、s hoped to get rich.The English merchants who organized the Jamestown colonists expected prosperity or wealth from the venture.They were particularly interested in sources of gold.Not finding great fortune and treasures,the colonists began growing tobacco by 1612 for shipment back to England.Tobacco

14、 provided a steady economic base for the young settlement.Detail from a painting by American artist Benjamin West,which depicts William Penns treaty with the Native Americans living where he founded the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and others seeking religious freedom.(Courtesy The

15、Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts)vAnother settlement occurred in 1620 when the Puritans,English Protestants,traveled across the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower.Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact aboard ship,1620.(Library of Congress)They landed in New England and established the Plymouth settle

16、ment.Also known as Pilgrims,they came to America seeking religious freedom rather than economic gain.Before they set foot on the new land,the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact,in which they promised to obey the rules and laws of the colony.By the 1760s,England and its 13 American colonies were q

17、uarreling over settlement,government,and taxes,especially those imposed by the Stamp Act(印花税法案)of 1765.1.2 Boston Tea PartyvThe independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed,and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.v In 1773,patriots staged the“Boston Tea Party

18、”in response to the tea tax.v British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts:They boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.Finally,in 1775,skirmishes(小规模战斗；小冲突)broke out in Lexington and Concord,Massachusetts.In 1776,Thomas Paine(托马斯潘恩)rallied colonists wit

19、h a pamphlet called Common Sense,It argued for independence from British rule.vThe Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.vThe Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.v独

20、立宣言是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。Over the next five years,General George Washington led the Americans against the British.In 1783.England officially recognized American independence in the Treaty of Paris,negotiated by Benjamin Franklin and others.1783年9月簦订巴黎和约，英正式承认美国独立。the Dec

21、laration of IndependencevThe United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states,and thus no longer a part of the British Empi

22、re.The Declaration Stated:“We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights,that among these are Life,Liberty,and the pursuit of Happiness.”我等之见解为：下述真理不证自明:凡人生而平等，秉造物者之赐，拥诸无可转让之权利，包含生命权、自由权、与追寻幸福之权（原意为：拥有私人资

23、产之权）。THE AMERICAN CIVIL WARThe Civil War:Union vs ConfederacyConfederate UnionvEleven Southern slave states declared their secession退出,脱离 from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America美国南部邦联(the Confederacy).vLed by Jefferson Davis,they fought against the United States(the Union

24、),which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.Union states were loosely referred to as the North.vThe Republican victory in that election resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4,1861.Both th

25、e outgoing and incoming US administrations rejected the legality of secession,considering it rebellion.Cause No.2:AbolitionismHarriet Beecher StoweSo this is the lady who started the Civil War.-Abraham LincolnSold 300,000 copies in the first year.2 million in a decade!Emancipation Proclamation解放奴隶宣言

26、 It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.It did not free slaves in border states.1863Emancipation=freedomvLincoln met with his cabinet on July 22,1862 for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Turning PointvGettysburg is the largest batt

27、le in the history of the Western hemisphere.vOver 100,000 people died in 3 days.vIt was the last time the South invaded the North.Battle of GettysburgGettysburg AddressvOn November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg.He ended

28、his speech with these memorable words:That government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.vFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equ

29、al.v87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建起一个崭新的国家。这个国家孕育于自由的观念之中，尊奉人人生来平等的主张。vNow we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure.We are met on a great battlefield of that war.v我们目前正在从事一场伟大的国内战争。这个国家或者说任何一个具有同样的观念和主张的国家是否能够国运长久，这场战争就是一次考验。vWe

30、have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.为了这个国家的生存，烈士们在这伟大的战场上英勇捐躯。我们聚集在这里，就是要把这个战场的一部分奉献给烈士们，作为他们的安息地。这样做是十分合适的，是非常应该的。vBut,in a larger sense,we c

31、annot dedicate,we cannot consecrate,we cannot hallow this ground.The brave men,living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.v不过，从广义上说，我们没有资格奉献这片土地，也未能给它以荣光，使之神圣。那些曾在这里浴血战斗过的勇士们，不论是依然活着的还是已经牺牲的，业已使这片土地变得神圣，这是远非我们的微力所能增损的。vThe world will little note

32、 nor long remember what we say here,but it can never forget what they did here.v世人将不大会注意，也不会长久记住我们今天所说的话；然而，对于勇士们在这里所成就的丰功伟绩，人门将永志不忘。vIt is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.v毋宁说，我们这些活着的人应当就此献身于在这里战斗过的勇士们以崇

33、高的精神推进而又未竟的事业。vIt is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain,that this

34、nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom,and that government of the people,by the people,for the people shall not perish from the earth.v毋宁说，我们应当就此献身于我们面前的伟大使命，那就是：学习烈士们，以加倍的献身精神投身于他们为之肝脑涂地的事业：就此下定决心，努力使他们的鲜血不至于白流；在上帝的庇佑之下，确保这个国家得到新生的自由；确保这个民有、民治、民享的政治体制永世长存。vThe American Civil War was the

35、 deadliest war in American history,resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties.It legally abolished slavery in the United States,restored the Union and strengthened the role of the federal government.The social,political,economic and racial issues of

36、 the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877,and brought changes that helped make the country a united superpower.Lincoln is AssassinatedAmerican Life from the Civil War to 1945 The l920s in the U.S.has been described by many historians as a period of material success and sp

37、iritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.As a result of the war,the U.S.had changed from a debtor nation,a nation which owed other nations money,to a creditor.During wartime,there was a demand in the country for patriotism and uniformity.When the war was over,for a period of time,there e

38、xisted a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism,that is,not allowing views,opinions,or beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs.Many believed that American political,economic and social institutions were far better than those anywhere else in the world.In 1917,the October Revo

39、lution took place in Russia and a completely new type of political system was established there.Communist ideas spread quickly in Europe and there were also groups in the U.S.supporting and advocating such ideas.This caused fear among some people who whipped up a kind of sense1ess excitement about t

40、he danger of Communism.On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests.Over 4,000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.When the war began,most Americans felt that their country had no vital interests in

41、the outcome of the war.Because of ethnic ties,cultural tradition,social background and economic connections,the public,generally speaking,was in favour of the allies(Britain,France,Russia and Italy).Britain also controlled the wartime news that went into the United States.This also influenced the at

42、titude of the American people.WW I and the United States On August 4,1914,President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality.He said that the United States“must be neutral in fact as well as in name”and“we must be impartial in thought as well as in action”.Britain and Fran

43、ce could buy arms and war materials from the U.S.,and get loans from American banks and financial institutions,while Germany,as a result of British control of the Atlantic,could have little access to American resources.When Britain blocked American ships sailing towards Germany,the United States onl

44、y protested.When Germany used submarines to cut British sea routes and sink American ships,the U.S.government threatened to go to war against Germany.In the end,when Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare,when Britain and France,exhausted by the war,might lose the war and bring great harm

45、to American business interest,when Germany was trying to get Mexico into the war against the United States,promising it the return of lost territory of Texas,New Mexico and Arizona,the United States government declared war on Germany on April 6,1917.Troopship Carrying US Soldiers in WWI The war ende

46、d on November 1l,1918 when the armistice(停火协议)was signed and fighting stopped.The Peace Conference,the Paris Conference,was actua1ly a conference of division of colonies of Germany.It was dominated by the Big Four(the United States,Britain,France,and Italy).Although President Wilson put forward a pr

47、ogram of Fourteen Points which was praised by many as liberal and progressive,he was actually trying to advance American interests.Cheering the End of WWIThe Ku Klux Klan The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South.In l9l5,it was reactivated and by

48、1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million.The KKK terrorized and attacked not only blacks,but also progressives,labour union organizers,Communist or socialist party members.The Great Depression&the New Deal There were serious weaknesses,however,in the American economy in the l920s.One was

49、 that there was no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies.The banking system lacked stability.Stock market speculation and overexpansion of credit was another serious weakness.Certain radio stocks,for example,rose from 85 to 420 in 1928 although they had not paid a single d

50、ividend.The prices of many stocks had no relation to profits or to real value.The first blow to the stock market came on October 24,1929,called the black Thursday.Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the market,which drove down the share prices.Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped ou