学术英语(人文)Unit.ppt

《学术英语(人文)Unit.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学术英语(人文)Unit.ppt（81页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、学术英语学术英语 人文人文Academic English for HumanitiesUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inTextATextBTextCAcademicLanguageandDiscourseListeningSpeakingWritingUnit ContentsLead-inLead-inactivitiesSupplementaryinformationUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureWhat is literature?Choosefromthefollowingformsofwritingwhatcanbec

2、ountedasliterature:newsreportnovelresearchpaperdiarypoemletterLead-inActivitiesUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureHowdoyoumakethechoice?(Whatmakesyoutreatsomethingasliteraturewhiledismissingothersasnon-literature?)What is literature?Manycollegeprofessors,upholdingatraditionalstandardofliteraryquality,belie

3、vethatstudentsshouldreadworkswhoseartisticmerithasbeenestablishedovertheyears.However,somehavebeguntoquestiontheverynotionofliteraryqualityandthenotionofwhatisliterature.Therehavebeenanincreasingnumberofstudiesofwritersmainlyforwhattheyhavetosayratherthanhowwelltheysayit.Unit 1 The Art of Literature

4、Lead-inSupplementary informationThehistoricalandsocialimpactofworksisgainingimportance,whiletheonce-honoredstandardssuchasgraceofstyleandoriginalityofexpressionhavebeendowngraded.Literature as defined in dictionarieslstories,poemsandplays,especiallythosethatareconsideredtohavevalueasartandnotjustent

5、ertainment(MacMillan Dictionary)lwritingsinproseorverse;especiallywritingshavingexcellenceofformorexpressionandexpressingideasofpermanentoruniversalinterest (Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary,11thEdition)Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inSupplementary informationLiterature as defined in dictionari

6、esUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inSupplementary informationlwrittenartisticworks,especiallythosewithahighandlastingartisticvalue(Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary)lwrittenworks,especiallythoseconsideredofsuperiororlastingartisticmerit(Compact Oxford English Dictionary)Unit 1 The Art of Liter

7、atureTextATheScopeandContentofLiteratureClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkeyThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelDoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7lSummarizeTextAonthebasisofyouranswerstoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7ScopeofliteratureContentofliteraturelWorkinpairstocompa

8、reyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2CriticalReadingandThinkingP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText AClassroom activitiesThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheoriginalarticle“TheArtofLiterature”Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationTextAisadaptedfromthearticle“TheArtofLiterature”,wr

9、ittenbyKennethRexroth.Theoriginalarticleconsistsofsevenparts:1.thescopeofliterature2.literarycomposition3.contentofliterature4.literatureanditsaudience5.literatureanditsenvironment6.literarygenres7.writingsonliteratureThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheMusesInGreekmythology,poetryandliterature,M

10、usesarethegoddesseswhoinspirethecreationofliteratureandthearts.Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationCalliope:Museofheroicorepicpoetry(oftenholdingastylusandwaxtablets)Clio:Museofhistory(oftenholdingaparchmentscrollorasetoftablets)Erato:Museoflyricandlovepoetry(oftenplayingalyre

11、)Euterpe:Museofmusicorflutes(oftenplayingaflute)Melpomene:Museoftragedy(oftenholdingatragicmask)Polymnia:Museofsacredsongandoratory(oftenwithapensivelook)Terpsichore:Museofdancingandchoralsong(oftendancingandholdingalyre)Thalia:Museofcomedy(oftenholdingacomicmask)Urania:Museofastronomy(oftenholdinga

12、globe)The Scope and Content of LiteraturelClassicsurveysofhistoryasnobleexamplesoftheartofliteratureUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThe History of the Peloponnesian War waswrittenbyancientGreekhistorianThucydides,who,asanAtheniangeneral,servedinthewar.Somescholarsviewthewo

13、rkasanobjectiveandscientificaccountofthepast,writtenfromapurelyintellectualpointofview.Butsomeunderstanditasapieceofliterature,inwhichtheauthoris“anartistwhorespondsto,selectsandskillfullyarrangeshismaterial,anddevelopsitssymbolicandemotionalpotential”.Oneexample:History of the Peloponnesian WarThe

14、Scope and Content of LiteraturelEssaysUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationananalytic,interpretative,orcriticalliterarycompositionFrancisBaconsessays,publishedinbookformin1597,1612,1625,werethefirstworksinEnglishthatdescribedthemselvesasessays.The Scope and Content of Literatur

15、el DialoguesbyPlatoUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationPlato(428/427BC348/347BC),thegreatestphilosopherandmathematicianofancientGreece,wroteextensively.Mostofhiswritingtakestheformofdialogues,inwhichseveralcharactersargueatopicbyaskingquestionsofeachother.ThisformallowsPlatoto

16、raisevariouspointsofviewandletthereaderdecidewhichisvalid.Thesubjectsofdialoguesrangefromphilosophy,logic,rhetorictomathematics.The Scope and Content of Literaturel DialoguesbyPlatoUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationPlatowasapupilofSocrates,whoappearsasacharacterinmanyofthedi

17、alogues.FollowingthedeathofSocrates,Platotravelledwidelyinsearchoflearning.AftertwelveyearshereturnedtoAthensandfoundedhisAcademy,whichisoftendescribedasthefirstEuropeanuniversity.ThesubjectsofferedintheAcademyincludedastronomy,biology,mathematics,politicaltheory,andphilosophy.AmongPlatospupilswasAr

18、istotle.The Scope and Content of Literaturel MeditationsbyMarcusAureliusUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationMeditationsisaseriesofpersonalwritingsbyRomanEmperorMarcusAurelius(121-180).Itconsistsofreflectionsjotteddownbytheemperoratoddmoments,whilehewasoncampaign.Theentriesappe

19、artobeinnoparticularorderandmaysimplybeintheoriginalorderofcomposition.Theyrecordthepassingthoughts,themaxims,themusingsonlifeanddeath,andStoicphilosophy.AccordingtoMeditations,oneshouldavoidindulgenceinsensoryaffections,andthisskillcanfreeamanfromthepainsandpleasuresofthematerialworld,andtheonlyway

20、amancanbeharmedbyothersistoallowhisreactiontooverpowerhim.Thestyleofthewritingsisstraightforwardandplain,buttheMeditationsisregardedbymanyas“unendinglymovingandinspiring”.l Natural History and Antiquities of SelbourneUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationGilbertWhite(1720-1793)w

21、asanEnglishnaturalist,ornithologist,andapioneerofthestudyofbirdsandanimalsintheirnaturalhabitats,ratherthanasspecimens.Thismethodofobservationenabledhimtoidentifyandrecordmanypreviouslyunknownspecies.In1789,hepublishedhisNatural History and Antiquities of Selborne asonevolume.Itwasacompilationoflett

22、erstozoologistThomasPennantandbarristerDainesBarrington,twoleadingfiguresoftheRoyalSociety.Intheletters,Whitediscussedhisobservationsandtheoriesaboutthelocalfaunaandflorainacharmingandimmediateway.Hepicturedhimselfaswellaswhathesaw.ThebookisoneofthemostpublishedintheEnglishlanguageandithasneverbeeno

23、utofprint.l OratoryoftheAmericanIndianUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationAmericanIndianswerehistoricallyanoralpeople.Forexample,manytoldtheirhistoriesbyoraltradition.Achiefofatribereliedonpersuasionratherthanforcetoleadhispeople.Utilizingnaturalmetaphors,Indianspeecheswerewel

24、lcalculatedtoimpresstheirtargetaudiences.The Scope and Content of LiteratureThe Scope and Content of Literaturel CicerosinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglishprosestyleUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationCicerohadaclosestudyoftherhythmsthatwerelikelytoappealtoanaudience.Hewasthere

25、alcreatorofthe“periodicsentence”style,inwhichthesentencestendtobeperiodicandphraseisbalancedagainstphrase,withsubordinateclauseswovenintoacomplexsentence.Forexample,For the queen,the lover,pleading always at the hearts door,patiently waits.ThenormalorderofthesentenceisAlwayspleadingattheheartsdoor,t

26、heloverwaitspatientlyforthequeen.Theperiodicstyleismoreexoticandarguablymorepoetic.The Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheGettysburgAddressUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationOnNovember19,1863,atthededicationofamilitarycemeteryatGettysburg,Pennsylvania,duringtheAmericanCivilWa

27、r,PresidentAbrahamLincolndeliversoneofthemostmemorablespeechesinAmericanhistorytheGettysburgAddressfewerthan300words,deliveredover2-3minutes.The Scope and Content of LiteraturelCollectiveunconsciousUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary information“Collectiveunconscious”isatermofanalyticalp

28、sychologyintroducedbyCarlJung(1875-1961),aSwisspsychiatristandthefounderofanalyticalpsychology.Itrepresentsaformoftheunconsciouscommontohumanbeingsasawholeandrelatedtotheinheritedstructureofthebrain.Itinfluencesallofourexperiences,behaviorsandemotions,butweonlyknowaboutitindirectly,bylookingattheeff

29、ects.Forexample,loveatfirstsight,thefeelingthatyouhavebeensomewherebefore,theimmediaterecognitionofcertainsymbols,thecreativeexperiencessharedbyartists,andthestrikingsimilaritiesofdreams,fairytalesandmythologiesallovertheworld,couldallbeunderstoodastheeffectsofthecollectiveunconscious.l The Dream of

30、 the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationl The Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThe Dream of the Red Chamber(红楼梦),orThe Story of the Stone(石头记),isthegreatestmasterpieceofChineseclassicalnovelsoftheMingandQingdynastie

31、s.Theworkiscomprisedof120chapters,thefirst80ofwhichwerewrittenbyCaoXueqin.(GaoEadded40additionalchapterstocompletethenovel.ThenoveldetailsthedeclineofthewealthyandaristocraticJiaclan.RevolvingaroundJiaBaoyuandthetragiclovebetweenhimandLinDaiyu,itportraystheruinoflove,youthandlife,andexposestherootof

32、thetragedythefeudalsystem.l The Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThenovelisremarkableforitscreationofcharacterswithdistinctivepersonality,greatculturalrichness,andpreciseobservationofthelifeandsocietyofthe18th-centuryChina.Itssuccessalsoliesinitswrit

33、tenvernacularlanguage(ratherthanclassicalChinese),whichhasproducedaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChinesenovels.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ1:Literatureisagreatmediumtoreflectthehumancondition,culturalandhistoricalvalues,andtoe

34、xpressfeelingsandthoughts.Someofthemostcommonthemesinliteratureare:therelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandNaturetheindividualinsociety(e.g.mansstruggleagainstsocietalpressure)humannaturehumanrelationship(e.g.love,hatred,etc.)personalgrowth(e.g.overcomingadversity)deathMajorformsofhumanexpressioninclude

35、language,literature,music,visualart,cinema,drama,history,andphilosophy.Cavepaintingsareperhapsoneoftheoldestformsofhumanexpression.Theycouldeitherrecordwhathadbeencaughtonhuntingtripsorexpresswhatthehunterswouldliketocatchinthefuture.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASugg

36、ested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ2:(Suggestedanswertothefirstquestion:Howdoyouunderstandtheselines?)Artisticmeritreferstothejudgmentoftheperceivedqualityorvalueofculturalproductsasworksofart.Apieceofwritingisconsideredashavingartisticmeritifithashighqualityandsomeaestheticvalue.However,itishardtode

37、finetheexactnatureofartisticmeritbecausethepreferredstandardsmayvaryacrosstimeandplace.Agreatwriterissomeonewhocanattainartisticmeritalmosteffortlesslyandnaturally.(Youmayagreeordisagreewiththeauthor,butyouneedtogiveyourreasons.)lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested

38、 answer keySuggestedanswertoQ3:Totestwhetheradvertisingcopywriting,apurelycommercialfiction,orcinemaandtelevisionscriptisanacceptedformofliteraryexpression,oneneedstojudgewhetherthatparticularformcanbringlong-lastingsatisfactionandconveytheverytruthofhumanbeingsandtheworld.lTask2/Pointsfordiscussion

39、P8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ4:Itcannotbedeniedthatchangesaretakingplacecontinuously,inpeopleslife,ideology,science,technology,environment,etc.However,therearecertainuniversalandconstantissuesthattranscendrace,gender,creedandculture,andtheyarerecurringthe

40、mesinliterature.Forexample,love,hatred,fear,family,honor,deceitandpeace.Thesamepatternsgoonandon.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ5:Integrationofpersonalityreferstopositivechangesinonespersonality,forexample,becomingemotionallymature

41、,gettingadjustedtotheenvironment,beingabletocopewithinnerconflict,etc.Disintegrationofpersonalityreferstounfavorablepersonalitychanges.Thismayoccurwhensomeonefacesaseriesofcrises:jobloss,marriagefailure,healthproblem,etc.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer

42、keySuggestedanswertoQ6:OnenotableexampleistheimageofDaiyuburyingtheflowers(inChapter27).Oneday,DaiyuisoverwhelmedbymelancholyafteraquarrelwithBaoyu.Herinnersadnessisreflectedbyherbehavior.Shegoestoahillside,buriessomefallenpetalsthere,weepsatthedeadpetalsandevencreatesalongpoemforthefadingflowers.In

43、Chapter108,whenBaoyuthinksofDaiyu,tearswellupinhiseyes,andheslipsawaytotheGarden.Thedescriptionofthebleakgardenandmiserablesceneshowshissorrowoverthedecliningfamily.Thepoemscreatedbythecharactersinthenovelarealsoperfectreflectionsoftheirpersonality.Forexample,thefollowingpoemcomposedbyDaiyu(inChapte

44、r37)impliesherownpersonality-unconventional,emotional,pronetomelancholicspells.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer key半卷湘帘半掩门，半卷湘帘半掩门，碾冰为土玉为盆。碾冰为土玉为盆。偷来梨蕊三分白，偷来梨蕊三分白，借得梅花一缕魂。借得梅花一缕魂。月窟仙人缝缟袂，月窟仙人缝缟袂，秋闺怨女拭啼痕。秋闺怨女拭啼痕。娇羞默默同谁诉，娇羞默默同谁诉，倦倚西风夜已昏。倦倚西风夜已昏。Besidetheha

45、lf-raisedblind,thehalf-closeddoor,crushediceforearthandwhitejadeforpot.Threepartsofwhitenessfromthepear-treestolen,Onepartfromplumforscent(whichpearhasnot).Moon-maidensstitchedthemwithwhitesilkenthread,andvirginstearsthenew-madeflowersdidspot，whichnow,likebashfulmaidsthatnowordsay,leanlanguidonthebr

46、eezeatcloseofday.（translatedbyDavidHawkes）SuggestedanswertoQ6:anexamplefromThe Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureTextBIntroducingCreativeWritingClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkeyIntroducing Creative WritinglWhatisthegirldoing?Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureT

47、ext BClassroom activitieslHowisthepicturerelatedtothemainideaofTextB?Introducing Creative WritinglReadaloudthefamousquotesbyHemingway,MooreandFranceinTextB,andworkinpairstoshareyourunderstandingUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BClassroom activitieslDiscussthequestionsinTask2/Criticalreadingandthinki

48、ngP15lGivea2-minutepresentationonyourfindingsinResearchingP15Introducing Creative WritinglErnestHemingway(1899-1961)andhisIcebergTheoryUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationIntroducing Creative Writingbeganhiswritingcareerasajournalistdeletingirrelevantandsuperfluousmattercreati

49、ngasurfacestoryinwhichhemerelyhintedatorevenskippedthepointofthestoryasobjectiveandhonestaspossibleshortsimplesentences,largelyofnounsandverbs.simpledialogues&simpleuseofdialoguesunderstatementconveyinggreatironyUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationlErnestHemingwayandhisIceberg

50、TheoryIntroducing Creative WritingIfawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswriting truly enough,will have a feeling of those things asstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabove