现代起重机的特征和发展趋向外文翻译.docx

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1、Characteristics and DevelopmentalTendency of Modern CranesWith rapid development of modern science and technology, magnification of industrial production scale and improvement of automation level, application of cranes is becoming widespread and its function is obvious. Meanwhile, requirements for c

2、ranes are more and more strict. Especially, the widespread use of electronic computer technology spurs lots of subject-crossing advanced design approaches and accelerates the improvement of modern manufacturing and detecting technology. Fierce competition in international market becomes more depende

3、nt on the competition of technology. All of these impel technological functions of cranes into a brand-new developmental stage. Cranes are facing a tremendous transformation. Our country is entering global international competitive market at an unprecedented rate and crane manufacture is confronted

4、with a new situation where opportunities and challenges coexist. Thus, it is crucial for cranes to develop and innovate constantly. I want to make a brief explanation about characteristics and developmental tendency of modern cranes with examples, based on new theories, technology and trend of crane

5、s at home and overseas.1. Make the key products large, high speed, endured and specializedBecause of continuous expansion of industrial production scale, increasingly improvement of production efficiency and rising proportion of money spending on loading and unloading and transporting materials in t

6、he process of production, required amount of large or high-speed cranes is increasing. Lifting quantities become larger, working speed becomes higher and requirements of energy-consuming and reliability become stricter. Cranes have already become a critical link in the process of automation producti

7、on. Cranes should be easy to use, maintain and operate and have high security, less troubles and long average time between failures. The central issue in international market production competition is reliability, and many companies abroad have drawn up inter-controlled standard of reliability. The

8、most important for us to catch up with and surpass world advanced level of cranes function is to improve reliability, to make cranes durable, less troubles, maintainable and economic to be used.At the moment, the biggest floating crane in the world weighs 6500t, chain crane 3000t and bridge crane 12

9、00t. Diversity of industrial mode of production and customers need makes crane market expanding and products renewing constantly to satisfy special needs with specific functions and bring its best usefulness into play. Functions of various kinds of cranes are improving. DEMAG ERGOTECH has developed

10、a crane special for aircraft maintenance, which has made its own way into international market. This crane is great in length and lifting height and has accurate halt. When a flexible maintenance platform fixed under lifting cart, it can reach every part of the aircraft. With the fast development of

11、 nuclear power stations in the world, cranes which are special for them achieve corresponding development. For example, annular bridge crane in reactors space, working under radiative circumstances, is used to lift dangerous load such as top cover of pressure container and components in reactors. It

12、 requires high reliability, high security, the ability to determine location accurately and automatically and transfer goods to a lower level, as well as various kinds of protection and particular security devices.2. Make series of production modularized, combined, standardized and practicalMost cra

13、nes are produced by series and batch, thus use of systematic multi-objections entire optimization to design series of cranes has already become the key point in development. Through rational matching of series main parameter, its functions can be improved, manufacturing cost can be reduced, and degr

14、ee of general purpose can be raised. Use less specification spare parts to compose series production with multi-species and multi-specifications. And thus, the requirements of customers can be fully satisfied.By using modularized design instead of conservative entire design, we can make components w

15、ith similar functions into standard modules which have various uses, similar connective key factors and are interchangeable. Through combination of different modules, we can make different kinds and specifications of cranes. There are only several modules involved when it comes to crane improvement.

16、 To design a new style of crane, all that you do is to choose different modules to recompose. Because of improvement in degree of general purpose, single products with small serial production can transform into module production of pretty great batches. As a result, we can achieve specialization pro

17、duction with high efficiency and cut manufacturing cost. It can satisfy marketing demands and increase competitive capacity by composing cranes of various series and specifications using less modularized forms.Bridge crane produced by DEMAG ERGOTECH considered carefully modularization and combinatio

18、n. It makes inter-parameter of series, entirety, mechanism and components matched with each other. The distribution of capacity obtains most economic and suitable effects. To make the main components of lifting mechanism reaches its largest general purpose, the method that the result of lifting weig

19、hts multiplying lifting speed is a constant has been used. There are more specifications derived through changes of pulley multiplying power. Series of 5-125t bridge cranes only need four basic lifting carts even with various working ranks. Module series of standard wheel cases, which are produced b

20、y the company, have various groups of linking holes which can choose different drive unit to form platform carts. They can also combine with metal construction components to be used as running machine of various kinds of cranes; its wheels have several forms of surfaces to be chosen. Because of no b

21、asic distance limit and flexible combination, they are widely used. The companys series of end bridge standard modules have commercialized. It resorts to frictional cycle and high intensity bolt link which improves interchange and accuracy of sizes and reduces machining of connecting covers. It can

22、connect to each main beam quickly and effectively. There are two kinds of end beam modules; one is suitable for single beam and the other is for double beams. According to length and weights, end beam style can be decided.3. Make productions for general purposes small, light, simple and diversifiedT

23、here are quite a number of cranes used in general workshop and storehouse, and thus they have light work and the requirement is not very strict. How to improve application of these cranes and to cut manufacturing cost is critical to win in the marketing competition. Considering comprehensive benefit

24、, the need to decrease the height of cranes as low as possible, to simplify the constructions and to reduce weights and wheel pressure can also decrease structures height, lighten structure composition and reduce cost of producing and maintenance. So there will be fast development of electric calaba

25、sh bridge and light beam cranes, and bridge cranes for general purposes will be replaced by them.The needs of customers advance diversity of cranes. Series parameter scale of cranes expanding and functions enlarging, product of one machine for several uses will obtain further development to increase

26、 capacity of dealing with emergencies. The proportion of using wireless remote control under normal conditions will increase.DEMAG ERGOTECH has formed standard crane series of light combinations after long period explosion and innovation. The whole series compose of various productions such as combi

27、nation “工” style single beam, hanging case single beam, horn cart case single beam and case double beams. There are altogether fifteen forms of connection between main beam and end beam. This is suitable for needs of different structure and lifting goods. Each specification of crane has three single

28、 speeds and three double speeds to be chosen. There are seven operating ways. In addition, different electric conduction pattern and different electric control pattern can match hundreds and thousands of cranes through different combinations to fully satisfy different needs of customers. Another adv

29、antage of the crane is that they are light. Compared to productions at home, its lifting weight is 32t and length 25.5m compared to 46.4t-weight of double beams cranes in our country, 28.3t- electric calabash bridge cranes. Weight of DEMAG electric calabash bridge crane is only 18.5, which is lighte

30、r than domestic productions by 60 percent and 35percent respectively.现代起重机的特征和发展趋向随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，工业生产规模的扩大和自动化程度的提高，起重机在现代化生产过程中应用越来越广，作用愈来愈大，对起重机的要求也越来越高。尤其是电子计算机技术的广泛应用，促使了许多跨学科的先进设计方法出现，推动了现代制造技术和检测技术的提高。激烈的国际市场竞争也越来越依赖于技术的竞争。这些都促使起重机的技术性能进入崭新的发展阶段，起重机正经历着一场巨大的变革。我国正以前所未有的速度进入全球化国际竞争市场，中国的起重机制造业面临

31、着机遇与挑战并存的新形势。因此起重机的不断发展和创新是关键。现根据国内外起重机的新理论、新技术和新动向，结合实例，简要论述现代起重机的特征和发展趋向。1 重点产品大型化、高速化、耐久化和专用化 由于工业生产规模不断扩大，生产效率日益提高，以及产品生产过程中物料装卸搬运费用所占比例逐渐增加，促使大型或高速起重机的需求量不断增长。起重量越来越大，工作速度越来越高，并对能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重机已成为自动化生产流程中的重要环节。起重机不但要好用，容易维护，操作方便，而且安全性要好，故障要少，平均无故障工作时间要长。可靠性是国际市场产品竞争的焦点，国外许多大公司都制定了可靠性内控标准。我国起重

32、机的性能要赶超世界先进水平，最关键的是要提高可靠性，使起重机具有优异的耐久性、无故障性、维修性和使用经济性。 目前世界上最大的浮游起重机起重量6500t，最大的履带起重机起重量3000t，最大的桥式起重机起重量1200t，自动化立体仓库堆垛起重机最大运行速度达240mmin。 工业生产方式和用户需求的多样性，使专用起重机的市场不断扩大，品种也不断更新，以特有的功能满足特殊的需要，发挥出最佳的效用。冶金专用起重机，防爆、防腐、绝缘起重机和铁路、船舶、车辆专用起重机的功能不断增加，性能不断提高，适应性比以往更强。德国德马格公司研制出一种飞机维修保养专用起重机，在国际市场上打开了销路。这种起重机跨度

33、大，起升高度大，停准精度高。在起重小车下面安装有可伸缩回转的维修平台，可到达飞机任一部位。随着世界核电站的迅速发展，核电站专用起重机也得到相应发展，如反应堆室内的环形桥式起重机在放射性环境中工作，用于起吊压力容器顶盖及堆内构件等危险载荷，要求可靠性高，安全性好，能自动精确定位和缓慢下放物品等，并有多种保护装置和特殊安全装置。2 系列产品模块化、组合化、标准化和实用化 许多起重机是成系列成批量的产品，采用系统多目标整体优化方法进行起重机系列设计已成为发展重点，通过全面考虑性能、成本、工 艺、生产管理、制造批量和使用维护等多种因素对系列主参数进行合理匹配，以达到改善整机性能降低制造成本，提高通用化

34、程度，用较少规格数的零部件组成多品种、多规格的系列产品，充分满足用户需求。 用模块化设计代替传统的整机设计方法，将起重机上功能基本相同的构件、部件和零件 制成有多种用途，有相同联接要素和可互换的标准模块，通过不同模块的组合，形成不同类型和规格的起重机。对起重机进行改进，只需针对某几个模块。设计新型起重机，只需选用不同模块重新进行组合。由于提高了通用化程度，可使单件小批生产的产品改换成具有相当批量的模块生产，实现高效率的专业化生产，降低制造成本。能以较少的模块形式，组合成多品种多规格的起重机，满足市场需求，增加竞争能力。 德国德马格公司生产的桥式起重机充分考虑了模块化和组合化，使系列、整机、机构

35、、部件和零件互相之间的参数匹配，能力分布达到最为经济合理的搭配效果。利用起重量与起升速度的乘积为常数的方法使起升机构主要部件达到最大限度的通用。再通过滑轮倍率的变化派生出更多的规格。5125t桥式起重机系列，多种工作级别，只需4种基型的起重小车。该公司开发的标准车轮箱模块系列，上面有多组联接孔，可选装不同型号的驱动单元，可组装成台车，可与金属结构件组合后用作各种桥式、门式起重机，巷道堆垛起重机或其它轨行式起重运输机械的运行机械，其车轮有多种踏面形式可供选用。由于不受基距限制，组合灵活，用途广泛。该公司的端梁标准模块系列已经商品化，与主梁之间采用摩擦环和高强度螺栓的连接方式，提高了互换性和尺寸精

36、度，减少了接合面的加工量。与任一主梁都可快速有效相接。有适用于单梁或双梁两种形式的端梁模块，根据起重量及跨度就可确定出适用的端梁型号。3 通用产品小型化、轻型化、简易化和多样化 有相当批量的起重机是在一般的车间仓库使用，要求并不很高，工作并不十分繁重。如何提高这些起重机的适用性，降低制造成本，是市场竞争能否获胜的关键。考虑综合效益，要求起重机尽量降低外形高度，简化结构，减小自重和轮压，也可使整个建筑物高度下降，建筑结构轻型化，降低造价和使用维护费用。因此电动葫芦桥式起重机和轻型梁式起重机会有更快的发展，并将大部分取代中小吨位一般用途桥式起重机。 用户的需求性促进了起重机的多样性。起重机的系列参

37、数范围进一步扩大，功能选择进一步增加，一机多用产品进一步得到发展，以增强应变能力。在一般使用场合采用无线遥控操作的比例也将逐步增多。 德国德马格公司经过长期的开发和创新，已形成一个轻型组合式标准起重机系列。整个系列由组合式工字形单梁、悬挂箱形单梁、角形小车箱形单梁和箱形双梁多个品种组成。主梁与端梁相接共有15种形式，可适合不同建筑物和不同起吊物的要求。每种规格起重机都有三种单速及三种双速可供任意选择。操纵方式有地面手电门自行移动、手电门随小车移动、手电门固定、远红外或无线电遥控、司机室固定、司机室随小车移动、司机室自行移动等7种选择，外加不同的导电形式，不同的电控形式，通过不同的组合，可搭配成百上千种起重机，充分满足用户不同的需求。这种起重机的另一最大优点是轻型化，与国内产品相比较，起重量32t，跨度25.5m，国内双梁桥式起重机自重为46.4t，电动葫芦桥式起重机自重为28.3t，而德马格电动葫芦桥式起重机的自重只有18.5t，比国内产品分别轻60和35。