毕业设计英文翻译原文.doc

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1、编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）学 院： 公共事务学院 专 业： 公共事业管理 学生姓名： 曹帅帅 学 号： 指导教师单位： 图书馆 姓 名： 徐亚宁 职 称： 副教授 2014年 6 月 5 日外文一Good Local Public Administration and Performance. An EmpiricalStudyAni Matei , Elis-Bianca EnescuAbstractThe performance of local public administration it is an extremely actual topic and its res

2、earch has a strategical importance. Theobjective in this paper is to see how Romanian local authorities understand the sense of performance and its aspects. It is veryimportant for local collectivities to have a good local public administration and a continuous process of performanceimprovement. To

3、get to the improvement process you have to start with evaluation. The purpose of the study is to build a mirrorof different aspects of Romanian local public administration performance, in the limit of information collected from the localpublic administration units investigated: communes, towns and m

4、unicipalities. The method used for this research was theanalysis of documents about the performance management of public services and the local and regional development, legislation,studies and reports with relevant content. The main tool of the research was the questionnaire and its questions were

5、grouped insix investigation dimensions. The interpretation of results was made in the light of information collected. Conclusions andrecommendations of the study were pertained to the meaning of public administration performance from the specialized literatureand legislation. The set of the performa

6、nce indicators suggested in the paper represents the starting point of an appropiateperformance evaluation in the context of Romanian local public administrationKeywords: Performance, Local Public Administration, Performance Indicators, Performance Evaluation;1. IntroductionFirst concepts about perf

7、ormance are from the XIX century. The scientific management promoted the analysis ofnowadays, we have a different approach of the public sector performance. Keywords like delegation,decentralization, outsourcing, privatization, public-private partnership, define the increase of performance and the,

8、public administration performance is directly connectedwith the quality of public services. People need better public services, more efficacy and efficient services, equity,non-discriminatory treatment, diversity in management, respect for the right, democracy, fairness and dignity.2. Managerial app

9、roaches of performanceMany important authors tackled the performance theory and there are some important publications written in thisdomain by: Bouckaert and Halligan (2008), Bruijn (2004), Kerney and Berman (1999), Demmke (2006), Dohertyand Horne (2002), Matei (2009), Pollitt (2006) or Matei (2008)

10、.From the managerial point of view, performance of public administration means: efficiency, efficacy, economyand ethics (equity, empathy, ecology), (Doherty & Horne, 2002). As a result of this approach we may speak aboutthe performance quadrilateral, instead of performance triangle. In this context,

11、 ethics has three dimensions: equityrefers to equal and non-discriminatory treatment; empathy means the ability of anticipating and to accept theresponsibility of the consequences of the publicimpacts that can exist in the environment.The quality layout in local public administration, in Kerney and

12、Berman (1999) opinion, it is another approach ofperformance. The literature presents some principles which must be followed for assuring quality of the publicservices: local collectivity is first and the most important assessor of quality; quality should be built in all processeswhich make up the de

13、livery of a public service; prevention on the variability of the public service; better results byworking in team, and not by individual working; strong organizational attachment through organizational culture.Other authors, like Bouckaert, Peters and Verhoest (2010), consider that performance in pu

14、blic sector can beachieved through a good coordination between public institutions. Nowadays public sector evolved, expanded a lot,and the incoherence of the actions is present. Often, organizations from public sector have an individual behaviorCoordination, in thiscontext, is represented by a set o

15、f instruments and mechanisms through we achieve, in a voluntary or forced way,harmonization of the tasks and efforts of the organizations from public sector. In this way, by using coordination, weavoid redundant actions and contradictions. Coordination has two aspects. In this context we may speak a

16、bout anegative or a positive coordination. Negative coordination it is about the understanding between public institutions,even in a tacit way, Positive coordination it is theone that builds coherence, not just minimize a possible conflict.3. Measurement of performanceIn the last 25 years there has

17、been a great interest in measuring the performance of the public sector throughdifferent ways. The most important method in performance measurement is the one which uses performanceindicators: public administration should define some performance indicators and after fulfills its objectives mustcompa

18、re them with the default indicators and the associated costs. Performance measurement, in the opinion ofBruijn (2004), in local public administration case, has three functions:a) it creates transparency has an important role regarding responsibility in front of local collectivity; everymember of loc

19、al collectivity should know which are the services that can access and which are the associated costs;b) encourages learning local public administration can make a step forward when uses performancemeasurement as a tool for learning;c) it can have as a consequence, the measure of sanction performanc

20、e evaluation can have as a result someawards or, in the case that the achieved results are not good, we can have to do with drastically sanctions.4. An empirical study about good local public administration and performanceThe scope of the study is the identification of the mechanisms and directions

21、through which the quality of localpublic services it is influenced by a managerial aproach focused on performance. In the triangle resourcesmanagement-public service, we have the following components: resources represents the latent side, themanagerial act (administrative decision) it is the active

22、side and the result it is the performance of the publicservice.For this study we think that the six features that Byrne (1994) and Andreiet al.(2009) identifies are very important because in this way he defines the local government for local publicadministration:local government is chosen by the cit

23、izens;a) local government has a multi-purpose - every local public authority has many tasks and delivers many publicservices;b) each local public authority has responsabilities only in his own and certain area;c) local government has a clear and relevant structure;d) local government has his own loc

24、al system for taxes.The study was made on 63 administrative-terirtorial units. From this number 67,4% are communes, 25,6% aretowns and 7% are municipalities. According to relevant statistics in Romania, from the total administrativeterritorialunits, 90,1% are communes, 6,7% are towns and 7% are muni

25、cipalities. The data we have creates thepremises of this research that investigates those aspects regarding local public administration performance.The method used for this research is the analysis of documents about the performance management of publicservices and the local and regional development

26、, legislation, studies and reports with relevant content.The tool we used in this study is the questionnaire and its questions were grouped in six investigationdimensions:a) human resources from the functional structures of the administrative-territorial units and their distributionin the functional

27、 compartments;b) the percentage of the communitaire services of public utilities: the service of administration the public andprivate domain of local interest, the public service of water supply; waste management public service; lighting public service; local transport public service.c) mechanisms t

28、hat regulate the activity of each communitaire services of public utilities: framework regulation for the structure and the operation of the public service; development strategies; tools for the evaluation; tools for auditing the performance mangement;d) the performance of administrative-territorial

29、 units in the light of administrative acts issued/adopted;e) the percentage of administrative-territorial units that have framework regulation for the circuit ofadministrative acts;f) the existence of the documents that reflects the transparency of the local governing act.At first level of analysis

30、our research starts with the premise that performance means the continous improvement of the public service in terms of efficincy, efficacity, economy and needs of the local collectivity. Achieving a high standard of a public service through involvement of the beneficiaries, of the human resources a

31、nd institutionalmanagement it is very important. In this case, performance should be evaluate by establishing national standards, for national providers of public services and local standards which local public administration should respect. In this context, it would be usefull that before designing

32、 a sistem for measuring performance, to define the priorities for every local collectivity. A well done local development strategy is the key for every administration authority.Regarding the human resources and communitaire services of public utilities dimensions, our results of theresearch showed t

33、he fact that the number of workplaces in local public administration and the five public servicesstudied are according to romanian legislation. For example, the number of workplaces in local public administrationthere is established through a Romanian Government act, Emergency Ordinance no.63/2010 a

34、nd we have the following results:5. ConclusionsOne of the most important conclusions of the study refers to the improving of documents for planning, analysis,monitoring, evaluation and control. The research we made highlighted that not all the administrative-territorial unitshave such documents, eve

35、n they are compulsory. We recommend the elaboration of those documents that shows thereality of the facts. In addition, we believe that is necessary a standardization of them, so we can benchmark.ReferencesAndrei,T., Matei,A.,Tusa, E.,Nedelcu, M. (2009). Characteristics of the Reforming Process in t

36、he Romanian Public Administration System.Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, No. 25E/February, pp.13-31;Bouckaert, G.&Halligan, J. Formulating Performance Systems: The roles of performance and trust. EGPA Conference. Malta.Bouckaert, G., Peters, B. G., & Verhoest, K. (2010). The coordin

37、ation of public sector organizations. Shifting patterns of public management.Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne, 13-16.Bruijn, H. (2004). Managing the performance in the public sector. New York: RoutledgeByrne, T. (1994). Local Government in Britain. London: PENGU

38、IN BOOKSDemmke, C., (2006). Governmental, Organisational and Individual Performance. Performance Myths, Performance Hype and RealPerformnace. An EIPA publication, 2006/1, 5-12.Doherty, T., & Horne, T. (2002). Managing public services. Implementing changes a thoughtful approach. Published by Routledg

39、e, 343-344Kerney, R., & Berman, E (1999). Public sector performance. An ASPA Classics Volume, United States of America, 204-217.Matei, L. (2009). Romanian Public Management Reform. Theoretical and empirical studies, volume 2. Ed. -220.Matei,A. (2008). Performance of the Public Expenditure Management

40、 at Local Level in Romania. Transylvanian Review of AdministrativeSciences, No.23E, pp.59-73;Pollitt, C. (2006). Performance information for Democracy. The Missing Link? Evaluation, 12 (1), 38-55外文二Live Video Services Using FastBroadcasting SchemeSatish ChandAbstract: The Fast Broadcasting scheme is

41、 one of the simplest schemes that provide video services. In this scheme, the video is divided into equal-sized segments depending upon the bandwidth allocated by the video server. If the video length is not known, then this scheme cannot be applied as the number of video segments cannot be determin

42、ed. In a live video wherein the video size is unknown, especially the ending time of the live broadcast, e.g., cricket match, this scheme cannot be applied. In this paper, we propose a model that helps the Fast Broadcasting scheme to support live video broadcasting. The basic architecture of the sys

43、tem consists of a live system with one video channel that broadcasts the live video and a video server that broadcasts the already broadcast live video to users.Keywords: fast broadcasting scheme, live video channel, channel transition1. IntroductionVideo-on-Demand (VOD) services are one of the impo

44、rtant classes that has several potential applications, such as entertainment, advertisement, distance education, etc.In spite of vast usability, these applications could not gain much attention because the earlier network technologies were not sufficient enough to support high data rate and same was

45、 with the storage technologies. These technologies have been developed significantly and are further being enhanced. New applications are also being explored that again put high demand on these resources.Therefore, efficient utilization of the resources especially the bandwidth is must. Several sche

46、mes exist in literature, but all are meant for the stored videos. These schemes require the video length to construct its segments. If the video length is not known in advance, which is generally the case for live videos, these schemes can be applied. To develop a broadcasting scheme for live videos

47、 is the motivationof this work. In this paper, we propose a mechanism that helps the Fast Broadcasting scheme to supportthe live video services. The Fast Broadcasting scheme is one of the simplest schemes that provides the video services.For broadcasting a video, there is a need to have a video serv

48、er to transmit the video data. Designing avideo server has many issues, e.g., efficient system design 13, storage management 47, broadcasting techniques. The broadcasting techniques are very important as they help utilizing the bandwidth efficiently. Some of the important broadcasting techniques are discussedin 89.The basic model in this paper consists of a system (we call it as a live system) with a video channel that is called as the live channel. This system is active for the duration of the live video and broadcasts the live video data only once us