TOEFL阅读理解真题3篇.docx

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1、TOEFL阅读理解真题3篇下面是我收集的TOEFL阅读理解真题3篇，欢迎参阅。TOEFL阅读理解真题1ffeterd spanning in line 18d- The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of

2、science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently mis

3、understood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic

4、 application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of w

5、hat passed for the application of science was engineering science rather than basic science.Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in

6、some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied s

7、cience or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists wh

8、o mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multi

9、directional.1. What is the author's main purpose in the passage ?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To

10、argue that basic science has no practical application2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced4. The list ment

11、ioned in line 13 refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based onwhich of the following?(A) Engin

12、eering science is not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.6. The word it in line 16 refers to(A) understa

13、nding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To

14、 distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(

15、A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDATOEFL阅读理解真题2The Harle

16、m Renaissance, a movement of the 1920's, marked the twentieth century's first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by

17、 the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating

18、a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, though the Harlem Re

19、naissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became

20、the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture,

21、 as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enha

22、nce, and promote their own cultural heritage.Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographic

23、al backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote

24、the visual arts.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) African American paintings in the 1920's(B) An arts movement of the 1920's(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music2. According to the

25、passage , Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance(B) their development of a new style of African American art(C) they way in which they depicted African Americans in their paintings(D) their independ

26、ence from European artistic traditions3. The word them in line 11 refers to(A) Americans of European descent(B) paintings(C) African American artists(D) attitudes4. According to the passage , African American artists of the 1920's differed from earlier AfricanAmerican artists in terms of their f

27、eelings about(A) themselves(B) other artists(C) their impact on American art(D) stereotypes5. The word urged in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) defined(C) permitted(D) encouraged6. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artisticmovement EXCE

28、PT(A) pride in African art(B) cultural pluralism(C) collaboration with other artists(D) withdrawal from American culture7. In mentioning the pulse and beat (line 25) of Harlem during the 1920's, the author ischaracterizing the district as one that(A) depended greatly on its interaction with othe

29、r parts of the city(B) grew economically in a short period of time(C) was an exciting place to be(D) was in danger of losing population8. The word convergence in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) gathering(B) promotion(C) expression(D) influence9. According to the passage , all of the following we

30、re true of Harlem in the 1920's EXCEPT:(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.(D) It was a unique cultural center.10. The phrase carried on in line

31、30 is closest in meaning to(A) continued(B) praised(C) transformed(D) connectedPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACATOEFL阅读理解真题3cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local ar

32、ea and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding regio

33、n, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an al

34、most unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world's finest large farming regions.

35、 These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City's importance stems from its early and continu

36、ing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York's location at the western end of one of the world's most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Moh

37、awk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York's primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems

38、particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.1. What does

39、 the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities2. The w

40、ord ingenuity in line 2. is closest in meaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization3. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a city's soil type part of its(A) hinterland(B) situation(C) site(D) function4. According to the passage , a city's situation i

41、s more important than its site in regard to thecity's(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies5. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago's location EXCEPT

42、its(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain6. The word characteristics in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) choices(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants7. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introdu

43、ce a new study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example8. According to the passage , Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in(A) size of population(B) age(C) site(D) availability of rail t

44、ransportation9. The word functional in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) alternate(B) unknown(C) original(D) usable10. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) account(B) primacy(C) connection(D) hinterland11. The word significant in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) threatening(B) meaningful(C) obvious(D) availablePASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B