人教版重庆市北大附中重庆实验学校高三英语《高考英语语法：句子成分》课件.ppt

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1、句子成分主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)。主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件，两者缺一不可。2021/8/9 星期一12021/8/9 星期一2定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。2021/8/9 星期

2、一3形容词作定语：形容词作定语：Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tomisahandsomeboy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。Thereisagoodboy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：数词作定语相当于形容词：Twoboysneedtwopens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。Thetwoboysarestudents./这两个男孩是学生。Therearetwoboysintheroom./房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格作定语：代词或名词所有格作定语：HisboyneedsTomspe

3、n./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。HisnameisTom./他的名字是汤姆。TherearetwoboysofTomsthere./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。介词短语作定语：介词短语作定语：Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。TheboyinblueisTom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。Therearetwoboysof9,andthreeof10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。2021/8/9 星期一4名词作定语：名词作定语：Theboyneedsaballpen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。Itisaballpen./这是

4、一支圆珠笔。Thereisonlyoneballpeninthepencilbox./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：副词作定语：Theboythereneedsapen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。ThebestboyhereisTom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定式作定语：不定式作定语：Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。TheboytowritethisletterisTom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。Thereisnothingtodotoday./今天无事要做。分词（短语）作定语：分词（短语）作定语：Thesmili

5、ngboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina./她买的笔是中国产的。Therearefiveboysleft./有五个留下的男孩。定语从句：定语从句：Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。TheboyyouwillknowisTom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。Therearefiveboyswhowillplaythegame./参加游戏的男孩有五个。2021/8/9 星期

6、一5简单句类型英语五种基本句型列式如下：1（主谓）2（主谓表）3（主谓宾）4（主谓间宾直宾）5（主谓宾宾补）2021/8/9 星期一6主语+系动词+表语2021/8/9 星期一7表语表语是表述主语的特征、状态和身份等。Iamateacher.2021/8/9 星期一8主语+不及物动词Thesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.2021/8/9 星期一9主语+及物动词+宾语Ilikepopularmusic.Sheknowswhattodonext.Iusuallydomyhomeworkathomeintheeve

7、ning.HebeganlearningEnglishtenyearsago.HehasdecidedtoworkharderatEnglish.2021/8/9 星期一10主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语2021/8/9 星期一11直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：Givemeacupoftea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语。如：Showthishouset

8、oMr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直接宾语+to+间接宾语。如：Bringittome,please.2021/8/9 星期一12主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语不足语2021/8/9 星期一13宾语补足语：宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格+名词Thewarmadehimasoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethodsmakethejobeasy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词

9、/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.2021/8/9 星期一14同位语：同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）2021/8/9 星期一15Therebe+主语+状语The

10、reisabookonthedesk.Therearemanyreasonsforanimalsdyingout.2021/8/9 星期一16状语：状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。2021/8/9 星

11、期一17副词（短语）作状语：副词（短语）作状语：Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：Intheclassroom,theboyneedsa

12、pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)2021/8/9 星期一18分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,hes

13、itstheresoundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）不定式作状语：不定式作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.名词作状语：名词作状语：Comethisway!/走这条路！（方向状语）状语从句：状语从句：2021/8/9 星期一19AdverbialClauses耀华中学耀华中学（状语从句）（状语从句）2021/8/9 星期一20Dif

14、ferent Kinds of Adverbial Clauses:1.Adverbial Clauses of Time:（时间状语从句）（时间状语从句）2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句）原因状语从句）3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions(条件状语从条件状语从句）句）4.Adverbial Clauses of Place(地点状语从句）地点状语从句）5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose(目的状语）目的状语）6.Adverbial Clauses of Result（结果状语从句（结果状语从句）7.

15、Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比较）（比较）8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession(让步）让步）9.Adverb Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句方式状语从句 )2021/8/9 星期一211.AdverbialClausesofTime:（时间状语从句）（时间状语从句）when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas,everytime,eachtime,themoment,bythetime,immediately,theminute,thesecond.2021/8

16、/9 星期一221)Whenhecomesheretomorrow,I”llcallyou.(atthattime)I.when2)HenryisinchargeoftheofficewhenMr.Smithisaway.(duringthetimethat)2021/8/9 星期一23 1)Whilehewaswalkinginthestreet,hemetTim.(分词短语）分词短语）While walking in the street,he met Tim.Walking in the street,he met Tom.2)HelearnedtospeakEnglishwhilehe

17、washere.3)Iliketeawhileshelikescoffee.II.while2021/8/9 星期一24III.as (一边.一边,随着）1)Astheywerepickingtea,thegirlsweresinginghappily.2)Shesangassheworked.IV.Before1)Itwontbelongbeforehefinisheshiswriting.2021/8/9 星期一25 V.After1)Afterhe(had)finishedhiswork,heleftthere.He(had)finished his work before he lef

18、t here.After finishing his work,he left here.Having finished his work,he left here.VI.since(fromthetimethat)1)I have known him ever since he was a boy.2)I have worked here since I graduated from the university.*3)It is(has been)two years since he came here.2021/8/9 星期一26VII.until(till)(up to the tim

19、e that)1)Hewillnotgotobeduntil(till)hismothercomes.2)Untilshetoldme,Ihadnoideaofwhattheyhadsaid.3)Itisnotuntilhismothercomeshomethathewillgotobed.(强调结构）强调结构）2021/8/9 星期一27VIII.as soon as1)Assoonasshegothome,shebegantocook.Ongettinghome,shebegantocook.*IX.everytime,eachtime,themoment 1)Everytime/each

20、timeIcatchacold,Ihavepaininmyback.2)Therewasanapplausethemoment(assoonas)sheappearedonthestage.2021/8/9 星期一28X.bythetime1)By the time he arrived,the train had already gone.2)By the time he comes,we will already have left.2021/8/9 星期一29 Exercises:1.Theywalkedoutoftheroom_themeetingwasover.2.Theymusts

21、tayinschool_theyaresixteen.3.Takethemedicine_yougotobed.assoonasby the timebefore2021/8/9 星期一304.Iknewnothingaboutit_hetoldme.5.Itismorethanfiveyears_westartedtolearnEnglish.6._hetalkedon,hegotmoreandmoreexcited.7.Weshouldstrike_theironishot.untilsinceAswhile2021/8/9 星期一312.Adverbial Clauses of Reas

22、on(原因状语从句）because,since,as,nowthat,for 2021/8/9 星期一32I.because1)Theshipchangeditscoursebecausetherewasastorm.Theshipchangeditscoursebecauseofthestorm.2)Becausehewasill,hedidntgotoschool.Hewasill,sohedidntgotoschool.Beingill,hedidntgotoschool.2021/8/9 星期一33 II.since1)Sinceyouareill,youdbettergotoseet

23、hedoctor.2)Sinceyoudonotunderstand,Iwillexplainagain.III.as1)Asshewaslateforclass,shehadtosaysorry.2)AsJanewastheoldestinthisfamily,shehadtolookaftertheothers.2021/8/9 星期一34IV.nowthat1)Nowthatclassisover,letsgotoplayfootball.V.forHemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.2021/8/9 星期一35Exercises:1.Theteachermus

24、tbestrictwithyou_theywantyoutomakegreatprogress.2._yourfatheriswellagain,younolongerhaveanythingtoworryabout.3.Thedaybreaks,_thebirdsaresinging.2021/8/9 星期一363.Adverbial Clauses of Condition (条件状语从句）I.if1)If he had worked harder,he would have passed the exam.2)If you work harder,you will succeed.Wor

25、k harder,and you will succeed.Work harder,or you wont succeed.Working harder,you will succeed.2021/8/9 星期一37II.unless1)We cant write to Mary unless she tells us her address.We cant write to Mary if she doesnt tell us her address.*III.as long as(只要)1)I will never give up learning as long as I live.2)

26、You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean.2021/8/9 星期一38*IV.on condition that（条件是）Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it tidy.*V.in case(万一）Youd better take your raincoat with you in case it rains.2021/8/9 星期一394.Adverbial Clauses of Place(地点状语从句）You may find him where hi

27、s parents live.5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose(目的状语从句）so that/in order that They set out early so that(in order that)they might arrive there in time.They set out early in order to(so as to)arrive there in time.2021/8/9 星期一406.AdverbialClausesofResult结果状语从句结果状语从句 sothat,suchthat1)It is so good a story

28、 that Ill never forget it.It is such a good story that Ill never forget it.2)such+adj.+名词 +that clauseMike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.3)so+adj./adv.+that clauseMike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.4)so+many/few+复数名词+that clause much/little+不可数名词He earned so little

29、 money that he couldnt support his family.2021/8/9 星期一417.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison（比较）asas,notas(so)as,more/-erthan,lessthan1)He doesnt work so hard as you do.2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B.3)The more you worry,the less youll succeed.4)Gold is much heavier than any other me

30、tal.2021/8/9 星期一428.AdverbialClausesofconcession(让步）1)Although(Though)heisold,heworkshard.Heisold,butheworkshard.*2)Eventhough(evenif)yousayso,Idontbelieveit.(即使)2021/8/9 星期一43*3.Difficult as the work is,well finish it on time.Though the work is difficult,well finish it on time.4.Whenever(No matter

31、when)you come to our country,you will be warmly welcomed.5.Wherever(No matter where)he goes,he always brings two bodyguards with him.2021/8/9 星期一44让让步步状状语语从从句句通通常常用用though,although,nomatter,evenif,if,eventhough,however,whatever等引起。等引起。让让步步状状语语从从句句可可以以前前置置，也也可可以以后后置置；前前置置时时强强调调主主句句内内容容，后后置时强调从句内容。有时也

32、可以采取中位（插入句中）。置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。1 1althoughalthough和和和和thoughthough引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：Hedidntlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.although比比though较较正正式式，语语气气较较重重，常常用用于于强强调调让让步步概概念念，如：如：HeinsistedondoingitalthoughIwarnedhimnotto.thoug

33、h可以和可以和even连用，但连用，但although不可以，如：不可以，如：Although(Even though)the traffic held us up,we got to theairportontime.当当让让步步状状语语从从句句是是指指一一种种假假设设的的情情况况，不不指指事事实实时时，通通常常用用though，而不用，而不用although，如：，如：Hewillneverdosuchathingthoughhe(should)beforcedto.Though all the world were against me,I shall still hold to myo

34、pinion.though可可以以在在非非正正式式文文体体中中用用作作连连接接性性状状语语，而而although则则不不行。（行。（though可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidnt,though.though引引导导的的从从句句可可用用倒倒装装语语序序（即即把把从从句句中中的的表表语语或或状状语语等等放在放在though之前），而之前），而although不能这样用，如：不能这样用，如：Youngthoughsheis,yetsheisfitforthejob.(=Youngassheis,)有有

35、时时可可用用副副词词yet,still,nevertheless(但但不不能能用用连连词词but)来来配配合合连连接词接词though或或although，以加强语气，如：，以加强语气，如：Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.though和和although后后面面的的主主语语和和谓谓语语动动词词be可可以以省省略略，如如果果这这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：Though(itwas)cold,itwasafinewintermorning.Though(

36、he was)severely wounded,yet he refused to leave thebattlefield.Though(theywere)verytired,theycontinuedtomarchon.2021/8/9 星期一452 2evenif,eventhoughevenif,eventhough和和和和ifif引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：evenif与与eventhough同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：Illdoit,evenifittakesmealltheafternoon.He

37、wasthereevenifwedidntseehim.Evenifyoufail,youcantryagain.Illhelpyou,evenifIdontsleepforanight.注注：if有有时时也也可可以以用用于于让让步步含含义义，但但要要注注意意条条件件if与与让让步步if的的区区别别，试比较：试比较：Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?(条件条件)Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步让步)(=evenif)Ifheisinexperienced,hewontbeabletoaccomplishit.(条件条件)Ifheisi

38、nexperienced,heisatanyrateeagertolearn.(让让步步)(=evenif)IfJohnhadbeenthere,Iwouldhaveseenhim.(条件条件)IfJohnwasthere,Ididntseehim.(让步让步)(=evenif)2021/8/9 星期一463 3由由由由as,that,thoughas,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：在在正正式式文文体体或或文文学学作作品品中中，为为了了强强调调让让步步的的含含义义，可可用用as引引导导让让步

39、步从从句句。但但as一一般般不不置置于于句句首首，而而将将从从句句中中的的表表语语或或状状语语置置于于句句首首。（though,that与与as一一样样，也也可可以以用用于于这这种种结结构构），如如下下面面几几种种情况：情况：表语的倒装：表语的倒装：Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.OldasIam,Icanstillfight.Cleverasyoumaybe,youcannotdothat.Tallas/thoughhewas,hecouldntreachthetopshelf.Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanag

40、edtoaccomplishitintime.状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语）等修饰语）MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.Muchashelikesthebike,hedoesntwanttobuyit.HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.谓语动词的倒装：谓语动词的倒装：Try as he would,he could not remember a word of it.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry)Tryash

41、emight,hedidntpasstheexam.Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothingintheroom.Tryasyoumay,youwillneversucceed.2021/8/9 星期一47注意事项：注意事项：注意事项：注意事项：如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.Childas/thathe

42、was,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.Childasheis,heknowsmuch.as从从句句可可以以置置于于主主句句前前、主主句句后后或或句句中中，当当as从从句句置置于于句句首首时时，主句前可加主句前可加yet，如：，如：Mary,braveassheis,isafraidofsnakes.Hewasunabletomakemuchprogress,hardashetried.Richasheis,(yet)Idontenvyhim.当当作作表表语语的的形形容

43、容词词提提前前时时，如如果果从从句句的的主主语语是是人人称称代代词词，那那么么它它只只能能放放在在动动词词之之前前；如如果果从从句句的的主主语语是是名名词词，则则可可用用倒倒装装语语序序，也也可用陈述语序，如：可用陈述语序，如：Tiredasweretheworkers,theydidnotstop.Cleverthough/asyoumaybe,youcantdothat.as从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：Childasheis,hewasbrave.注意区别注意区别as引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：Lawyeras

44、heis,heexplainsthereasonclearly.(原因从句原因从句)Lawyerasheis,hecantexplainthereasonveryclearly.(让让步步从从句句)2021/8/9 星期一484 4eventhougheventhough和和和和thoughthougheventhough(=evenif)引引导导的的从从句句指指把把握握不不大大或或假假设设的的事事情情，意意为为“即即使使”、“纵纵然然”；though引引导导的的从从句句指指事事实实，意意为为“尽尽管管”、“虽然虽然”，例如：例如：Hewillnotrevealthesecret,eventh

45、oughheknowsit.(可可能能知知道道，也可能不知道。也可能不知道。)Hewillnotrevealthesecretthoughheknowsit.(虽虽然然知知道道，却却不不说出来。说出来。)5 5whilewhile引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：while(=although),它它引引导导的的让让步步状状语语从从句句只只能能前前置置，位位于于句句首首，如：如：Whileyoumayberight,Icantaltogetheragree.WhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idontag

46、reethattheycannotbesolved.注意比较下列各句：注意比较下列各句：WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.(让步让步)WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Icantagreewithyou.(让步让步)WhileIwasreading,thelightwentout.(时间时间)Motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelative.(转折、对比转折、对比)Heisidle,whilehisbrotherisdiligent.(转折、对比转折、对比)2021/8/9 星期

47、一496 6whetherorwhetheror引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：引导的让步状语从句：这这种种从从句句也也称称“选选择择条条件件-让让步步状状语语从从句句”，可可位位于于主主句句之之前前或之后，如：或之后，如：Whetherhedrivesor(whetherhe)flies,hewillbehereontime.Whetheryoulikeitornot,youllhavetodoit.Whetherornotitrains,Imgivingapartytomorrow.We hold that all countries,(whether they

48、 are)big or small,(whethertheyare)richorpoor,shouldbeequal.Whetheritrainsorsnows,Iwillgotonight.Shehadtogo,whetherornotshewantedit.2021/8/9 星期一507 7由由由由连连连连接接接接代代代代词词词词whoever,whoever,whomever,whomever,whatever,whatever,whicheverwhichever引引引引导导导导的的的的让让让让步步步步状语从句：状语从句：状语从句：状语从句：Whoever(=nomatterwho)i

49、sunwillingtogo,Iwillgo.(whoever既既相相当当于于连连接接词词短短语语nomatter连连接接主主句句与与从从句句，又又相相当当于疑问代词于疑问代词who)Whomever(=nomatterwhom)youaredealingwith,thismethodisnogood.Whatever(=nomatterwhat)happens,keepcalm.Whateverothersmaysay,youarecertainlyright.Whichever(=nomatterwhich)youchoose,wehavenoobjection.8 8由连接形容词由连接形

50、容词由连接形容词由连接形容词whateverwhatever或或或或whicheverwhichever引导的让步状语从句，如：引导的让步状语从句，如：引导的让步状语从句，如：引导的让步状语从句，如：Whatever(=nomatterwhat)difficultiesmayarise,wemustandcanovercomethemonebyone.(whatever既既相相当当于于nomatter连连接接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what修饰名词修饰名词difficulties。)Whichever(=nomatterwhich)roomisassigne