托福写作教程(新).ppt

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1、托福写作教程托福写作介绍F综合写作F形式:读+听+写F内容:阐明观点相互联系性F分数权重:1/2F时间要求:20分钟F字数要求:150-225词F独立写作F形式:议论文F内容:对议题发表看法F分数权重:1/2F时间要求:30分钟F字数要求:至少300词托福写作分数换算F30F28F25F22F20F17F14F10F9F8F7F6F5F4应试写作的三个层次F写得出F写得对F写得炫应试写作难点F写作本身难度大,是驾驭一门语言的最高境界,属于信息的输出,是逻辑、语法、词汇、文化等的综合统一应试写作难点F大脑一片空白 基本无话可说F绿叶对根的情意 FDo you agree or disagree

2、that progress is always good?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.应试写作难点F表达漏洞百出 可读性相当差FIn China,because its tradition,the old is most raised by their children.FIn China,because of its tradition,the old are mostly supported by their children.应试写作难点F中式英语泛滥 考官哭笑不得FPollution makes us

3、 cannot breathe fresh air.FPollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air.应试写作难点F口语痕迹明显 好似娓娓道来FI say its a good thing.FNow Ill tell you a story about myself.应试写作难点F表达捉襟见肘 词句鲜有亮点F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。FMore and more college graduates who have just graduated from university find that finding a goo

4、d job is more and more difficult.F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难FA growing number of fresh graduates find that obtaining a decent job is increasingly difficult.F越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。FA growing number of fresh graduates find that being employed by a decent employer is increasingly difficult.F越来越多的刚刚毕

5、业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。FThe difficulty of being employed by a decent employer is on the rise,as the number of fresh graduates grows.托福独立写作评分标准F5分:文章切题,阐说充分,文章有说服力;段落组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活,成熟;用词确切,得体.文章中有个别语法拼写错误,但不影响内容表达.F4分:文章切题,阐说基本充分,在某些细节上有缺陷.段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅,句式使用恰当

6、,灵活;用词基本得体.文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误.F3分:文章切题,阐说尚可,展开不够.段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般,有时不得体.词性区分和拼写等有若干错误.F2分:文章切题,段落组织基本合理,有逻辑性,但只存在于语义层次上,语言表达上未能体现;句子框架结构基本成立,但有许多语法错误,句间联系不顺畅,往往是不善于使用逻辑连词,显得幼稚,生硬.词汇方面拼写错误多,常有用词不得体现象.F1分:文章切题.阐说没有展开,只限于三言两语地回答问题;没有段落组织,很乱,长度很短,只有一段;句子排列有一定的逻辑关系,能看出各句基本框架,但

7、结构或语法错误较多;用词不得题,拼写错误多.F0分:文章各方面都有严重错误,句子不像句子.总体印象是根本没有写作能力,英语水平太低,够不上1分标准,只能打最低分.托福独立写作要求F谋篇:观点突出 结构合理F谋段:论证充分 言之有物F谋句:正确 多变 关联F谋词:准确 多变 托福独立写作题目分类F对比选择型F支持反对型F自选论述型F问题分析型 托福独立写作的步骤F审题 内容？形式？F构思 头脑风暴 OutlineF行文 F检查 The first draft of anything is SHIT.-By Hemmingway 对比选择型FSome people think that the a

8、utomobile has improved modern life.Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems.What is your opinion?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.OutlineFForF方便高效 convenient&efficient F丰富生活 enrich lifestyle F推动相关产业 boost related industries FAgainstF耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel res

9、ources worldwideF空气污染 air pollutionF交通阻塞和事故 traffic jam and accidentsStructure 结构FIntroduction 总起段FBody 主体段 FConclusion 总结段Introduction 总起段FBackground 背景 FControversy (2 different/opposite ideas)争议FStatement 观点FTransition 过渡Background 背景FBeing a controversial issue,the great popularity of automobile

10、 has aroused a great deal of attention in society during the past decades.FNowadays,the issue on the great popularity of automobile is highly debatable,and ideas vary from person to person.Controversy 争议FSome people think that it is good,other people think that it is bad.FSome people think that the

11、automobile has improved modern life.Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems.Controversy 争议FSome would claim daily life has been upgraded due to automobile,while some others may suggest that severe problems are the results(which are)brought by automobile.FSome would claim daily l

12、ife has been upgraded due to automobile,while the idea that severe problems are the results brought by automobile is still held by some others.Controversy 争议FThink claim/suggest/believe/advocate/maintain/argue/supposeFGood beneficial/profitable/helpful/sound/decentFBad harmful/detrimental/hazardous

13、FAdvantage merit/virtue/benefit/profit/proFDisadvantage demerit/drawback/flaw/shortcoming/con/costStatement 观点F简洁明了 concrete&conciseFAs for me,I side with the former/latter.FAs far as I am concerned,I believe automobile is indispensable in everyday life.FIn my view,it is much better to have everyday

14、 life without automobile.Transition 过渡FIn the following paragraphs,I would present some reasons.FA few explanations/examples would be presented as follows.FThus essential and persuasive evidences would be provided in the subsequent paragraphs to verify my perspective.Conclusion 总结段FStatement 观点 rewr

15、ite,not copyFAll in all/To conclude/In conclusion/In general/To sum upFWhen all the above-mentioned factors are taken into consideration,a conclusion could be drawn that Conclusion 总结段FFrom my point of view,it is advisable to take advantage of automobile while eliminate its drawbacks.FFrom where I s

16、tand,automobile can not be an essential factor in pursuing a perfect life.Body 主体段FTo begin with/Firstly/First and foremostFSecondly/In addition/MoreoverFIn the third place/Furthermore/Last but not leastOutlineFForF方便高效 convenient&efficient F丰富生活 enrich lifestyle F推动相关产业 boost related industries FAg

17、ainstF耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel resources worldwideF空气污染 air pollutionF交通阻塞和事故 traffic jam and accidentsForFIntroductionFTo begin with,automobile makes some work convenient and efficient FIn addition,automobile enriches lifestyle FFurthermore,automobile boosts related industries F让步段FConclusionForFIntrodu

18、ctionFTo begin with,it is convenient and efficient to travel by automobile FIn addition,lifestyle can be enriched via automobile FFurthermore,automobile boosts related industries F让步段FConclusion方便高效 convenient&efficientFTo begin with,it is convenient and efficient to travel by automobile.FFor exampl

19、e,from downtown to suburb,by car,it costs a few hours.FOtherwise,by bicycle or on foot,nearly one day is needed.FAnywhere around the city could be reached within one day.FIt is the automobile that brings about urbanization.丰富生活 enrich lifestyleFIn addition,lifestyle can be enriched via automobile.FW

20、ith automobile,lifestyle could be more colorful and entertaining and life radius may be enlarged.FTraveling widens horizon and visualizes what is learnt in books.FBesides,shopping enables one to relieve the pressure of work and study.FOnly by his own car can one go anywhere at any time.推动相关产业 boost

21、related industriesFFurthermore,automobile boosts related industries.FNow it is possible to develop tourism and logistics.FFast speed saves time,and long distance is no longer a barrier to the tourist attractions far away.FBesides,fresh fruit and vegetable could be delivered across the nation within

22、a few days,and the express industry may be booming.让步段FAlthough automobile may sometimes seem to have some demerits,such as leading to depletion of fuel resources worldwide,air pollution and traffic jam and accidents,its overall profits far outweigh its drawbacks.让步段FDespite the fact that there are

23、still some flaws existing,such as leading to depletion of fuel resources worldwide,air pollution and traffic jam and accidents,automobile is profitable on the whole.一边倒 AgainstFIntroductionFTo begin with,automobile depletes fuel resources worldwide FIn addition,automobile leads to air pollution FFur

24、thermore,automobile leads to traffic jam and accidents F让步段FConclusion一边倒 AgainstFIntroductionFTo begin with,fuel resources worldwide are depleted due to automobile FIn addition,air pollution results from automobile FFurthermore,traffic jam and accidents are problems brought by automobile F让步段FConcl

25、usion耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel resources worldwideFTo begin with,fuel resources worldwide are depleted due to automobile.FIt is estimated that the great amount of cars consume most fuel,and the proportion keeps expanding.FHuman beings are in the crisis of oil shortage,which may pose a potential threat to

26、the world peace,and trigger conflict or even war.空气污染 air pollutionFIn addition,air pollution results from automobile.FGlobal warming is an international issue,and the large number of carbon dioxide(which is)emitted from cars accelerates global warming.FBesides,sulfur dioxide contributes to worsenin

27、g of air quality,and therefore fresh air is no longer available.And acid rain stemming from sulfur dioxide destroys plants in the field.交通阻塞和事故 traffic jam and accidentsFFurthermore,traffic jam and accidents are problems brought by automobiles.FWith the ever-increasing number of cars,citizens suffer

28、 traffic jam greatly.In rush hour,by car,it usually costs 30 minutes to cover the distance of five minutes walk.FMoreover,traffic accidents are frequently the headlines of newspaper.It is not uncommon that traffic accidents disable some drivers and pedestrians,and even deprive them of their lives.让步

29、段FAlthough automobile may sometimes seem to have some merits,such as convenience and efficiency,enriching lifestyle,and boosting related industries,its overall drawbacks far outweigh its profits.让步段FDespite the fact that there are still some merits existing,such as being convenient and efficient,enr

30、iching lifestyle,and boosting related industries,automobile is detrimental on the whole.议论文的论点论据论证 论点论点论据论据-1-1论据论据-2-2论据论据-3-3论证论证-1-1-1-1论证论证-1-2-1-2论证论证-2-1-2-1论证论证-2-2-2-2论证论证-3-1-3-1论证论证-3-2-3-2常见的论证方法F举例：形象化，生动化，易于理解 F比较：中国人强调绝对，好就是好，很好就是很好；西方人强调相对，任何东西要放在整体的环境中看 F引用：it is reported that,it is

31、said that,it is universally acknowledged that,it is revealed by official figure that F反证：从with这个角度不好想到，那么就从without 入手 对比选择型FSome people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient.Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful.What is your opinion?Use spec

32、ific reasons and examples to support your answer.支持反对型FDo you agree or disagree that progress is always good?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Background 背景FBeing a controversial issue,the evaluation of progress has aroused a great deal of attention in society during the past

33、decades.FNowadays,the issue on the evaluation of progress is highly debatable,and ideas vary from person to person.Controversy 争议FSome would claim progress contributes greatly to everyday life;while the idea that progress has its own flaws is still held by some others.OutlineFAgainstFInternetFTransp

34、ortationFSearching information FFast food FThe dramatic leap in tele-communication and transportation totally transforms the world.With Internet,one can have instant communication with his friends or workmates on different continents,and watch live NBA games at home via satellite.FNevertheless,human

35、 beings suffer greatly from technological innovation.The pace of life has been accelerated,and it seems every citizen,regardless of a student,an employee or a boss,is under great pressure.FSome advance in technology is physically detrimental,such as computer and Internet.Long time exposure before sc

36、reen will lead to nearsightedness.In addition,radiation causes skin problem,and one may easily lead a sedentary life due to Internet.FAdvanced transportation shortens the distance and results in globalization.However,the environment is seriously polluted because of automobiles and airplanes,and fres

37、h air and clean water are no longer available.Human beings cannot return to the era when carriages,which did not generate carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide,were the main vehicle.FSo the environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources are inevitable.Gradually,the ecosystem will be imba

38、lanced and even break down.Finally,mankind cannot survive on this planet.FSome privacy is lost in the process of advance of searching information.The search capability is so powerful on Internet that it costs merely a few seconds to identify the needed information.By contrast,at least a few hours ar

39、e spent by handwork.FMeanwhile,some private information can no longer be kept confidential.And the effortless“copy and paste”operation accelerates the spread of information.Names,ages,ID card numbers,addresses,and phone numbers could be easily obtained from Internet.FIt is not uncommon that one will

40、 receive much spam after registering in a website and leaving E-mail address,and the same situation happens when mobile phone numbers are given away accidentally,all of which will cause some trouble due to some evil purposes.FIt is convenient and efficient to have fast food.In contrast,traditional f

41、ood is time-consuming and usually costs several hours to have one meal.In the current fast-pace society,fast food solves the problem well.One can finish a meal within 10-20 minutes,saving much time and energy.FHowever,fast food is physically detrimental.Lacking vitamin and minerals,fast food always

42、contains much fat and calories.Consequently,most overweight problem is due to excessive intake of fast food,and little nutrition and unbalanced diet endanger health.支持反对型FIt has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood.Do you support or oppose this plan?

43、Why?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.OutlineFForF就业机会 job opportunitiesF休闲娱乐 recreation F丰厚收入 large income and revenue FAgainstF噪音污染 noise pollution F不稳定因素 social unstability F交通阻塞 traffic jam 支持反对型FIn some countries,teenagers have jobs while they are still students.Do you thi

44、nk this is a good idea?Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.OutlineFForF积累经验 accumulate experience F学会技能 learn skillsF培养责任感 develop responsibilityFAgainstF浪费时间 time consumingF分散注意力 distract attentionF误入歧途 may go astray 自选论述型FA gift(such as a camera,a soccer ball,or an animal)ca

45、n contribute to a childs development.What gift would you give to help a child develop?Why?Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.OutlineF学习知识 acquire knowledge F培养责任感 develop responsibilityF解除寂寞 relieve loneliness Introduction 总起段FIt is believed that in the formative years of child

46、ren,a gift is very beneficial.However,preferences vary from person to person.From my view,I would pick a pet.And a few reasons would be presented as follows.学习知识 acquire knowledgeFChildren can acquire knowledge via pet raising.FUsually,what is leant in textbooks is superficial and children can not h

47、ave a vivid impression on the information.FPlaying with pets enables children to know more about animals and the nature,and may stimulate their interest in biology.FIt is likely that they will decide to have further education or research in the related domain.培养责任感 develop responsibilityFPet raising

48、 develops responsibility.FMost children from single-child families are a little spoiled because their parents love them in a crazy and blind way.FChildren over-protected by parents may have a carefree life,and can obtain whatever they demand without effort,such as pocket money,toys and digital produ

49、cts.FHowever,they have no idea on what responsibility is.FTherefore,children are encouraged to raise pet to fulfill their duty,which is of vital importance when they become parents in the future.解除寂寞 relieve lonelinessFLoneliness can be relieved by keeping pet.FIt is not uncommon that in China,due t

50、o its one-child policy,a child always feels lonely at home,especially during vacations,as he does not have any siblings.FNot surprisingly,he would resort to Internet,playing on-line games and leading a sedentary life all day to kill the time.FWith a pet,the situation differs dramatically.He can play