托福阅读十大题型解题方法.ppt

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1、TOEFLREADINGFinal十大题型解题方法认识托福托福阅读考什么？考什么？托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。认识托福托福阅读怎么考？怎么考？词汇句子理解句子理解句句间关系关系文章文章结构构 托福托福阅读是以是以句子句子为核心的考核心的考试(单词+句法句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题

2、文章小结题/图表题考考查重点重点十大十大题型型词汇题出出题方式方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto考考查关关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！词汇题做法背背单词！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆stresseddessertsPaleontologist PaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurass

3、icCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentSproutOreKiln词汇题解解题技巧技巧认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreate

4、dsupported认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasespropor

5、tionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurround词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurroundover在上面lie躺着覆盖同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonatura

6、lfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeanin

7、gtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfant

8、sdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.指代指代题出出题方式方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto考考查关关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧技巧往前找，两个一致1.数量单、复数2.性质动作发出者的特性非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelt

9、ingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlesca

10、rriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernat

11、uralforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmyths

12、fromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs细节题出出题方式方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?TheauthorsdescriptionofXmentionswhi

13、chofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,X occursbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,X didY becauseAccordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系细节题考考查关关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常常见错误选项特征特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做做题技巧技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干干 原文原文 选项Example

14、1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleast

15、overtime.Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,s

16、tabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CCExampl

17、e1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststableExample1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajo

18、rdisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）Example2.TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthewinterswereverycold.followingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?SummerswereverywarmandShallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewas

19、verysimilartotodaysclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.Example2.定位LCclimateParagraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.Offandont

20、hroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodays.Thedayswerenottoohot,north

21、enightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.Example2.读懂原文theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodaysmilder更温和Example2.选出答案Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowse

22、asonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder定位定位&.转化化定位定位1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词转化化1)同意转化2)侧面转化3)概括转化选项Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrece

23、ntgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsagoExample3.通过选项特征定位Paragraph5:Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundi

24、nsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.Fladmarkandoth

25、erbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatitmayhavebeenpossibleforpeopletocolonizeice-freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbe

26、tween13,000and14,000yearsago.Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago定位原定位原则补充充通过选项一致性定位选非非题与细节题直接相反考考查关关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征

27、特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问选非非题出出题方式方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1.NOTtrue一般直接相反2.allEXCEPT答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3.NOTmentioned无中生有，信息杂糅Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsintheman

28、dthemixofspeciesdonotchange.Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据题干找CCParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsover

29、time.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselvesch

30、angebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.（直接相反）Theyremainstableforatle

31、ast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据选项定位原文Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapionee

32、rcommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.E

33、xample5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.T

34、heSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproduc

35、inghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistorical

36、periodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-co

37、lortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedcer

38、amicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example5.根据选项定位原文Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoear

39、thenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedinto

40、thehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswit

41、hlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofves

42、selsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.Earthenwareceram

43、icswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsof

44、loggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeerExample6.根据题干定位Paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeerwolves,cougar,andlynxhavebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butth

45、emostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacif

46、icNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?Areductio

47、ninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer（无中生有+信息杂糅）选非非题 TIPs选项较短，针对原文某一句话中的列举出题，通过题干定位。当题干关键词太宽泛，例如是文章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整的长句或很有特点，通过选项定位。当题干问及某事原因或结果（factors，consequences，results）时，注意观察原文的逻辑词（cause，also，and，moreover，further）及分号定位方法小定位方法

48、小结1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词，例如时间、大写字母开头的词5)选项有特点，通过该特点定位6)题干关键词太宽泛，通过选项定位7)当一句话中存在多个定位词，选取限制性最强的词，或采取两点定位方法方法是固定的，是固定的，题目是多目是多变的，的，头脑是灵活的。是灵活的。句子句子简化化题出出题方式方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantw

49、aysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子句子简化化题出出题方式方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子句子简化化题考考查关关键长难句理解应对技巧技巧1.观察原句，通过逻辑词、连接词、标点符号划分句子层次，抓主干2.修饰成分先不看3.抓选项主干，四个选

50、项都必须看只有一项相符，直接选两项以上相符，先分析选项不同部分，就该部分（通常为原因或目的）回原句分析，找出答案句子句子简化化题错误特征特征1.信息杂糅，即错误表达了原句信息，经常可能是逻辑关系错误2.遗漏原句主要信息3.本末倒置，原句修饰成分变成选项主要意思做题时，能判断出主要意思的句子，一定先只看主要意思，因为修饰成分往往也是错误选项混淆视听的手段。Example1.FladmarkshypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalo