江苏省南京市东山外国语国际学校高中英语 模块7 Unit14 Adjective Clauses & Paradoxes课件 牛津.ppt

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1、普通高中课程标准实验教科书(选修)English Grammar and Rhetoric初级英语语法与修辞2021/8/8 星期日1Adjective Clausesnit 14Lead-inHomeworkLooking AheadApproaching the TopicDiscovering GrammarApplying GrammarFurther DevelopmentParadoxSelf-assessment2021/8/8 星期日2 Bob,you made so many mistakes in you homework!He who makes no mistakes

2、makes nothing.Lead-inLead-inTo what part of speech is the clause who makes no mistakes similar in terms of sentence function？who makes no mistakes functions as an attributive in the whole sentence,as does an adjective.So it is called an adjective clause.2021/8/8 星期日3Adjective The red coat is dirty.(

3、Which coat is dirty?)Adjective clause The coat that I bought yesterday is dirty.(Which coat is dirty?)Adjective clauses answer questions of which.2021/8/8 星期日4He was born on Oct.28,1955 in Seattle,where he grew up with his two sisters.In 1968,when he was as young as 13,he discovered his interest in

4、software and began programming computers.He left Harvard to devote his energy to Microsoft,a company which he started in 1975.He is the person whose foresight and vision for personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry.William H.GatesChairman and Chief S

5、oftware ArchitectMicrosoft CorporationWho is he?Guessing Work2021/8/8 星期日5 Martin Luther King.Jr.Great Civil rights leader Famous speech“I Have A Dream”He was born on January 15,1929 in Atlanta,where he started his Civil Rights Movement.After the bus boycott,he was elected president who gained natio

6、nal prominence for his role in the campaign.On August 28,1963,more than 250,000 protesters gathered in Washington,D.C.,where he delivered a famous speech.He once delivered a famous speech whose title is“I Have a Dream”.Who is he?2021/8/8 星期日6Looking AheadLooking AheadLearn to use different relative

7、words to introduce adjective clauses.Practice using restrictive and non-restrictive adjective clauses.Learn to appreciate and use paradoxesWhat are we going to do in this What are we going to do in this unit?unit?whowhosewhichthatwherewhenas2021/8/8 星期日7Approaching the Approaching the TopicTopicWork

8、 in pairs to find out the solution dogbirdsnakeBob Jack JimFirstSecondThirdSpeakDancePlaydead1.The pet,took the third place.2.The bird,which belongs to Jack,3.The snake,which can play dead,4.The pet that can dancedoes not speak.was second.won the first place.whose owner is Bob2021/8/8 星期日8The noun,p

9、ronoun or clause that the adjective clause modifies is called an antecedent.Eg.Many people think that an extrovert is a person who is courageous,outgoing,and not at all shy,antecedentrelative wordmodify2021/8/8 星期日9ExamplesExplanationan extrovert is a person who is courageousan introvert is someone

10、who is shy,retiring,and fearful.Mary,who is energized sometimes by others and sometimes by being alone,is a good example.用 who 来指人Lisa is actually a shy person whom others probably wouldnt consider extrovert.Bill,on the other hand,is someone whom everyone considers bold and outgoing.用 whom 来指人There

11、is a third category that many of us may fall into用that来指物Lisa opens up in situations in which she starts to feel relaxed and appreciated.用which来指物2021/8/8 星期日10ExamplesExplanationhes a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.用 whose 来指所有关系，在形容词性从句中充当定语At a large party where she doesnt

12、know many people,shes shy用 where来指地点There are times when Mary is like Lisa.But there are other times when Mary is much more like Bill.用when 来指时间She needs others to help energize her,which is why she is to be considered extrovert.He needs to be alone to reenergize,which is why he is to be regarded as

13、 an introvert.用 which 来指整个主句She likes to talk once she finds a group she feels comfortable with.shes the kind of person(whom)others find interesting 关系词 whom,that,和 which 有时可以省略2021/8/8 星期日11Discovering GrammarDiscovering Grammar关系词在从句中要充当句子成分；充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等。主 语 宾 语介词直接宾语 置于句末的介词的宾语WhichThatWhowhomR

14、elative pronouns in the cases of the second and forth column are usually omitted 1.AC introduced by which,who,that and whom2021/8/8 星期日12I lost the pen.Jim sent me the pen yesterday.I lost the pen.Jim sent me that yesterday.I lost the pen that Jim sent me yesterday.A sentence with adjective clauses

15、can be seen as a combination of two sentences.The process goes like this:How an adjective clause is formed?How an adjective clause is formed?Tips:1.Identity the shared part in the two sentences.2.Use a relative word instead of the noun.3.Move it to the beginning to introduce the clause,unless it is

16、already there.2021/8/8 星期日13Theres a heroIf you look inside your heartYou dont have to be afraidOf what you areTheres an answerIf you reach into your soulAnd the sorrow that you knowWill melt awayHeroListen to a song Hero and underline all the adjective clauses and noun clauses in it,then study how

17、they are formed.activity2021/8/8 星期日14HeroAnd then a hero comes alongWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo when you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in youHero2021/8/8 星期日15HeroIts a

18、long roadWhen you face the world aloneNo one reaches out a handFor you to holdYou can find loveIf you search within yourselfAnd the emptiness you feltWill disappear 2021/8/8 星期日16HeroAnd then a hero comes alongWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo w

19、hen you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in youHero2021/8/8 星期日17HeroLord knowsDreams are hard to followBut dont let anyoneTear them awayHold onThere will be tomorrowIn timeYoull find the way2021/8/8 星期日18HeroAnd then a hero comes alo

20、ngWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo when you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in you2021/8/8 星期日192.AC introduced by whoseWhose既可以指人又可以指物。当指物时也可以用of which 结构。例如：Lets go and have a

21、 look at the house whose roof has been blown off.Lets go and have a look at the house the roof of which has been blown off.如果关系词在形容词性从句中充当定语，则关系词用whose。Bill is a person.Bills energies need solitude for replenishment.He is a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.Attributive2021/8/8 星期

22、日20Challenge yourself1）The house whose windows are broken faces south.2）He,who laughs last,laughs best.He laughs best who laughs last.3）Shanghai is an exciting city,which attracts a lot of tourists.Shanghai,which is an exciting city,attracts a lot of tourists.2021/8/8 星期日213.AC introduced by whereIf

23、 the structure“preposition+which”is used as adverbial of place in the adjective clause,we could replace it with where.I miss the village.I used to live in the village.I miss the village which/that I used to live in.I miss the village in which I used to live.I miss the village where I used to live.20

24、21/8/8 星期日224.AC introduced by whenIf the structure“preposition+which”is used as adverbial of time in the adjective clause,we could replace it with when.I cannot forget the day.On the day I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.I cannot forget the day when I was awarded the First-place Scholarship

25、.I cannot forget the day on which I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.2021/8/8 星期日231）In senior middle school,Lisa and I shared a room where/in which we spent nights talking.2）I can never forget the summer when the whole family went to the West Lake.补充材料补充材料(一一)Keys2021/8/8 星期日24补充材料补充材料(一一)形容

26、词性从句的关系词的几点特征：1）关系词在意义上等同于先行项。这一点我们可以从用一个关系词去替换其中一句中的与先行项相同的那个词或短语看出来。但要注意，先行项也可以是整个主句。例如：Tom was late for class this morning.This made Miss Wang very angry.第二个句子中的this在意义上就等同于整个第一个句子Tom was late for class this morning.经过合并的三个步骤我们就可以得到下面这个含有形容词性从句的句子：Tom was late for class this morning，which made Mi

27、ss Wang very angry.2)关系词在从句中要充当句子成分；充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等。3)关系词对形容词性从句起引导作用。2021/8/8 星期日25可供选择的关系词:指人 指物Step 1:关系词指人还是指物？主语 主语/宾语Step 2:关系词在从句中 充当什么成分?宾语 属格定语 属格定语 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 Step 3:是限制性还是 非限制性定语从句？Who,whom,whose,that,which,when,where,whywho,whom,whose,thatwho,thatthat,which,when,where,whose,whythat,wh

28、ommwhosethat,whichwhosewhenwherethat cannot introduce the non-restrictive adjective clausewhy对关系词进行选择的步骤：对关系词进行选择的步骤：2021/8/8 星期日26A.如果形容词性从句中含有动词be的某一形式，把关系代词、动词be 的这一形式以及其它一起的助动词去掉即可。例如：Alexander Bell,who is said to have invented the telephone,died in 1922.Severe criticism was thrown to those who

29、are responsible for the accident.可以通过下列方法把一个形容词性从句缩减成形容词性短语（包括形容词短语、分词短语等）Tony had a career lasting forty years.B.如果形容词性从句中未含有动词be的某一形式，把关系代词去掉，把谓语动词变为它的-ing分词形式。Tony had a career that lasted forty years.2021/8/8 星期日275.Restrictive and non-restrictiveTranslate the following two sentences into Chines

30、e and find out the differences between them.Jim has a brother who is a worker.Jim has a brother,who is a worker.1)B (吉姆有一个当工人的哥哥。言外之意就是：吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥。)2)A (吉姆有一个哥哥，他是当工人的。言外之意就是：吉姆只有一个哥哥。)Challenge yourself2021/8/8 星期日28 第一个句子含有一个限定性定语从句；第二个句子含有一个非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，其对先行项起限定作用。限定性定语从句

31、是主句不可缺少的部分，一旦省去，先行项便不能明确表示其所指对象。换句话说，限定性定语从句对先行项起区别性作用，有了它才能把先行项所指称的事物与其他同类事物区别开来。例如：I bought three books yesterday.The book I like best is written by Mark Twain.I like best 是一个限定性定语从句，因为有了它的限定就可以把所谈论的书与其他两本书区分开来。在Jim has a brother who is a worker.中，要用who is a worker限定才能够知道他说的是哪一个哥哥，也就是不要和其他哥哥混淆了，所以

32、言外之意就是吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥。非限定性定语从句与它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，其对先行项起补充、说明的作用。它不是主句不可缺少的部分，即使省去，也不影响先行项的所指意义，整个句子仍然是可读的。非限定性定语具有排他性，所以在Jim has a brother,who is a worker.中，即使把who is a worker去掉，先行项所指的对象仍然是确定的，因此这句中的a brother 具有唯一性，言外之意就是吉姆只有一个哥哥。2021/8/8 星期日29Keys：）a comma (非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句隔开)）that (非限定性定语从句不能由that引导)Exe

33、rcise 2Exercise 3Keys：The little boy who says“Ill try”will climb to the hill-top.The little boy who says“I cant”will at the bottom stop.这两句不可以换成非限定性定语从句，因为必须对the little boy进行限制以相互区别。下面两句则可以，因为这两句中的形容词性从句只是对先行项起补充说明作用。Life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.Life is a barren field that cannot gro

34、w.Challenge yourself补充材料补充材料(二二)2021/8/8 星期日301.在很多情况下,把限定性定语从句去掉或换成非限定性定语从句了以后，主句便说不通或不完整了。The children who are blind live in darkness.(失明的孩子生活在黑暗中)*The children live in darkness.(孩子们生活在黑暗中)*The children,who are blind,live in darkness.（孩子们失明了，他们生活在黑暗中）补充材料补充材料(二二)2021/8/8 星期日312.in which case这个短语可以

35、用来引导非限定性定语从句。这时可以用in that case,in that situation,if that is the case或if that happens来将该非限定性定语从句换述成另外一个句子。如：The weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow,in which case well have to delay our trip.The weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow.In that case well have to delay our trip.If

36、 it is the case that it will rain tomorrow,well have to delay our trip.补充材料补充材料(二二)2021/8/8 星期日32Now,divide the class into two groups to hold a competition.One group will offer some useful information about a famous person in the world for the other group to guess who the person is.You should try to

37、 use as many sentences containing adjective clauses as possible,following the activity we did at the beginning of this unit.The group getting more correct answers will be the winner.SampleActivityWho are they?2021/8/8 星期日33Applying GrammarApplying GrammarExercise 15)when/on which2)where/in which4)th

38、at/03)which1)who8)whose6)that/07)which10)As9)which2021/8/8 星期日341)5)C B D A C 6)10)D A D D C 11)15)B D D A C 16)18)A B D Exercise 21)Is the flat _ you once lived in?2)Is this the flat _ you once lived?3)Is this the only flat _ you once lived in?4)Is this the flat in _ you once lived?A AB BC CD D要注意主

39、句和从句的结构完整性A.whichB.whereC.the oneD.that2021/8/8 星期日355)This is one of the best novels _ published last year.6)This is the only one of the best novels _ published last year.A.which were B.which was C.that were D.that wasA AC CD D7)She has two shirts,_ were bought last month.8)She has two shirts._ wer

40、e bought last month.A.both of whichB.Both of which C.both of them D.Both of them D D2021/8/8 星期日36B BD DC C9)_ is well known that great change have taken place in China in recent years.10)_ is well known,great changes have taken place in China in recent years.A.ThatB.WhichC.As D.It11)I dont know the

41、 reason _ he failed to attend our party.12)Such is the only reason _ he told me.A.for thatB.why C.whichD.that D D2021/8/8 星期日37D DC CA A13)It is in the hall _ a meeting is being held.14)This is the hall _ a meeting is being held.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that15)It is such an interesting film _ we all w

42、ant to see it.16)He is such a good teacher _ we all love and respect.A.asB.whichC.that D.whoA A2021/8/8 星期日38B BD D17)We heard the news _ our team had won.18)The news _ had been proved to be true surprised everybody.A.which B.that C.asD.A and B1)who chats with you on the Internet.2)who knows all you

43、r life;whose family knows you,too.3)to whom you can turn for help/whom you can turn to for help.4)who move5)that/which areExercise 3补充材料补充材料(三三)2021/8/8 星期日391)Berners-lee,who invented the Web,is not rich.2)A person,who is enrolled in Beijing University,must be very intelligent and creative.3)Kids,w

44、ho watch a lot of TV dont spend much time on their homework.4)There are many wonderful TV programs for children on Saturday,when most of them are at home.5)The computer,which you bought three years ago,does not have enough memory.Exercise 42021/8/8 星期日40补充材料补充材料(三三)1.关系词as 与which的区别）as 与which都既可以引导限

45、制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面整个主句或主句的一部分。但which 引导的非限制性定语从句，在其先行项是整个主句时，只能置于句末；而as有“正如”的含义，其引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首、句中、句末。如：He didnt have a dictionary,which made it difficult to study English.(此句中的which不能换成as)2021/8/8 星期日41）如果先行项的前面有such,the same,as，则其后的形容词性从句只能用as引导。如：We should not make such a stupid mistake

46、as Tony did yesterday.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people believe that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.）as 常用在下列结构中 As is expected;as is often the case;as we can see;as is well known;as we all know;as has been said before;as may be imagined;as is shown/e

47、xplained above;as has been explained/pointed out等。2021/8/8 星期日42）as 可以指人也可以指物；which 只能指物。Which常用于以下几种情况：A.当先行项为that时One should not consume all that which he has earned.B.当关系词离先行项较远时She told me the news of the girl which I told him.C.两个并列的形容词性从句中，第一个关系词用了that时 I have eaten the bread that was in the f

48、ridge and which you were probably saving for breakfast.D.当先行项为表示职业、身份的词，而且关系词在从句中做表语时 He looked like a lawyer,which he was.2021/8/8 星期日432.关系词只能用that 的情况 1)当先行项为who时 Who that has sympathy will laugh on that occasion?2)当先行项一个指人，一个指物时 The man and his horse that were hit by the truck were killed on the

49、 spot.3)that在形容词性从句中做表语时 Jim is not the boy that he was.4)当先行项被序数词、形容词最高级或last,next,only,very,any,all 等修饰时 This is the first time that I have come to New York.This is the most beautiful city that I have ever seen.She is the very student that I like best.5)当先行项为all,much,little,none,few时 All that I ca

50、n do is to follow him into the house.There is little that the enemy can do beside surrender.2021/8/8 星期日443.关系词but的用法 But引导形容词性从句时，相当于“that/which/who not”。如：There is no rule but has exceptions.(There is no rule that does not have exceptions.)There is no mother but loves her children.(There is no mot