文献阅读与翻译.ppt

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1、科技文献阅读与翻译Scientific Literature Reading&Scientific Literature Reading&TranslationTranslation主讲人：许宁云 博士 副教授公共邮箱：Course Objectives:1)The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation,help them better understand the basic features and lan

2、guage requirements of various documentation,and further develop their ability of information acquisition.2)Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation,so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropriately from English to Chine

3、se and vice versa.ContentsThe course consists of 15 units,covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges,etc.Course AssessmentFinal grade will be given on the basis of:1)each students attendance and the participation in classroom activities;2)the unit assignments

4、3)the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice.Recommended/Optional Textbooks1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000.2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译)，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.Unit I General Description of Literature Reading and TranslationTopicalHighlightsuDefinition

5、 of LiteratureuClassification of LiteratureuLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureuSpecial Attention:The Translation of Documentation Definition of LiteratureA set of works on a particular subject;printed materi

6、al,esp.giving information;the body of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature)Classification of Literature1.Textbooks2.Monographs3.Papers4.Encyclopedias5.Periodicals6.SpecialDocumentationLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuStylisticallyuGrammatically uMorphologicallyuNon-verb

7、al Translation Skills-on translation in general Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureand translation of special literature1.Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language(the“s

8、ource text”)and the production,in another language,of an equivalent text(the“target text”,or“translation”)that communicates the same message.Eugene A.NidaEugene A.Nida(1914-)(1914-)尤金 奈达 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language(接受语，译语）the closest natural equivalent of the source

9、language（原语、源语）,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.Dynamic-Equivalence Theorybaptism of repentancerepent and be baptizedAlexander Fraser TytlerAlexander Fraser TytlerA translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writin

10、g should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation(1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则。2.Principles or Criteria of 2.Principles or Criteria of Translation

11、Translation严复复：信、达、雅信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.不爱红妆爱武装facethepowderandnottopowdertheface.3.Literal Translation and Free TranslationLiteral Translation:phonetic,morp

12、hological,syntactic武装到牙齿armed to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁热打铁strike while the iron is hot血浓于水Blood is thicker than water鳄鱼的眼泪crocodiles tears芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant FreeTranslationas timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪猪as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛牛talk horse 吹

13、牛牛 drink like a fish 牛牛饮Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?“literal”doesnt mean“word-for-word”街道街道妇女女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹公爹She got up early,wen

14、t to the town and saw her public father.句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿“free”doesnt mean“casual”Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.Spring,thesweetspringistheyearspleasantking.T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若Literal Translation or

15、Free Translation?Donttakethelow-fatlabelasalicensetoeat.不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。Whatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingliteralandfreetranslation?4.Translation TechniquesDiction(选词用字）Amplification（增益）Omission（省略）Repetition（重复）Conversion（转换）Rearrangement（词序调整）Negation（正说反

16、译、反说正译）Division（长句拆译）Special Attention:The Translation of DocumentationTreatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscriminatingly.StandardsStrictwording,stylisticformalityPatentdocumentsStereotypedexpression,formalpatternsTrademarksNovelty,uniquenessCopyrightworksRigidgrammarLegaldocuments,cont

17、ract,agreementsStrictgrammar,syntaxProposals,reportsThematter-of-factattitudeGeneralknowledgeandknowledgeofthesubjectmatterPracticeItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was theseason of Light,it

18、was the season ofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthe winter of despair,we had everythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheother.A greeting card can warm a heart,hold ahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickle a funny bone,dry an eye,surprise achil

19、d,caress a sweetheart,toast a bride,welcomeastranger,waveagoodbye,shoutabravo,blow a kiss,mend a quarrel,ease apain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.As an important means for preservingknowledge,various literatures have becomeprecious resources for the mankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtot

20、hesocialprogressofhumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfrom generation

21、to generation.In this sense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofprevious research findings and academicachievements,and crystallization of humancivilization.As an important means for preservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhave greatly contributed t

22、o the socialprogressofhumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausethey are,on one hand,the summary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfrom gen

23、eration to generation.In this sense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofprevious research findings and academicachievements,and crystallization of humancivilization.Unit 2 StandardsLinguistic features of“standard”1)FormattedStructure2)FormalWording3)LegalTerm“shall”4)FrequentUseofAbbreviation

24、s5)MixedwithDrawingsandTablesStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetof detailed technical guidelines used as ameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaof hardware or software development.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighly informal process,occurs when aproduct or

25、philosophy is developed by asingle company and,through success andimitation,becomes so widely used thatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandard setting is a far more for

26、malprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteran intensive study of existing methods,approaches,and technological trends anddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelater ratified or approved by a recognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensus as products based on th

27、estandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltype are numerous,including the ASCIIcharacter set,the RS-232-C standard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramming languages,such as C andFORTRAN.Reflections and Practice1.Topicsforgroupdiscussion1)Whatdoesthepassagetellusa

28、bout?2)Whatisthedefactostandardsetting?2.Fillineachspacewithoneproperword.Standard,inrelationcomputers,isasetof detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area ofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedinoftwoways.Thefirst,ahighly inform

29、al process,occurs when aproduct or philosophy is developed by asingle company and,through success andimitation,becomeswidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.Thistypeofdefactostandardsetting istypified bysuchproductsHayes modems and IBM PCs.The secondtypeof

30、standardsettingisafarmoreformalprocesswhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteran intensive study of existing methods,approaches,and technological trends anddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelater ratified or by a recognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensus produc

31、ts based on thestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltype are numerous,including the ASCIIcharacter set,the RS-232-C standard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramming languages,such as C andFORTRAN.Translation SkillsDiction用字遣词maritalstatus;immigrationstatus;co

32、gnitivestatus;socialstatusTensionisbuildingup.形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word1)DeductionStopoutn.(U.S.)Astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod.辍学学生ChallengeToquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)对表示怀疑，质疑；对提出异

33、议2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3)ExtensionBottleneckItismorethantransienteverydayness.远非一时的柴米油盐问题。日常状态-柴米油盐4）SubstitutionTo kill sb.as an example杀一儆百5）ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态Athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会6)CombinationSosubtle and careful anobserver一位如此精细的观察者Agrim and tragic Chri

34、stmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7）PictographicTranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带8）TransliterationWallStreetPentiumCloneTranslate the PassageStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetof detailed technical guidelines used as ameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的

35、技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighly informal process,occurs when aproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand,throughsuccessandimitation,becomes so widely used that deviation fromthe norm causes compatibility problems

36、orlimitsmarketability.从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。This type of de facto standard setting istypified by such products as Hayes modemsand IBM PCs.The second type of standardsettingisafarmoreformalprocess

37、inwhichspecifications are drafted by a cooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。The proposed standards ar

38、e later ratified orapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadopted over time by consensus as productsbased on the standards become increasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCIIcharacterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,and ANSI-standard programming

39、languages,suchasCandFORTRAN.随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，包括ASCII 字符集，RS-232-C 标准、SCSI 接口，以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN 语言之类的ANSI-标准编程语言。Unit 3 Patents Questions 1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?2.Whyshouldpatentedarticlesbemarkedwithpatentnumber?3.Whatdoes“patentpendin

40、g”mean?4.Whatcanbefoundinanissuedpatent?Translation Skill:Amplification=additionAmatterofprinciple:Add/subtractmeaning1.Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning（1）Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（2）Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestth

41、egreatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。2.Supplying necessary connectives（1）Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受热，就会气化。（2）Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。3.Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns（1）Note that the words“velocity

42、”and“speed”require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。（2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。4.Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear (1)Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（2）Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulin

43、electroniccomputers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。5.Dictated by logic(1)Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）Thisshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross-sectionarea.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。6.Supplying words of generalization (1)Thethesissummedupthenewac

44、hievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）Theprincipalfunctionsthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation,anddetection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。7.For purposes of rhetoric or coherence (1)Thiscomputerisind

45、eedcheapandfine.这台电脑真是价廉物美。（2）Heatfromthesunstirsuptheatmosphere,generatingwinds.太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。8.Repetition (1)Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dustorhumidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。（2）Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。Amplification used in

46、Chinese-English Translation1.Adding necessary connectives虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.2.Adding necessary pronouns交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.3.Add

47、ing necessary background information to make the English version clear三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.Translationpractice1.Put the following sentences into Chinese,using the technique of amplificationHistoriesmakemenwise;poetswitty;mathematicssubtle;natural

48、philosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。2.Put the following passage into ChineseOurpresentinventionrelatestoacircuitarrangementforcompensatingtemperature-dependentfrequencyvariationsofanoscillatorofthecrystal-controlledtypewhichgeneratesa

49、carrierforthetranslationofmessagesbyfrequencymodulation.本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息的。3.Put the following passage into English美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发布的。1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿、陆军部长和司法总长。InAmerica,thefirstpatentsforinventionswereissuedin164

50、2bythecolonialgovernments.ThefirstU.S.patentlawswereenactedbyCongressin1790undertheauthorityofArticle1,Section8,oftheConstitution.ThePatentActof1790wasadministeredbyacommissioncomposedofthesecretaryofstate,thesecretaryofwar,andtheattorneygeneraloftheU.S.Unit 4 TrademarksTrademarks originated from th