高考英语 阅读理解之推理判断题课件 新人教.ppt

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1、高考阅读理解高考阅读理解之之推理判断指导推理判断指导2021/8/11 星期三1 这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphra

2、se)或综合。2021/8/11 星期三2常见的题干有：1)It can be inferred from the text that.2)We can conclude that.3)When the writer talks about.,what he really means is that.4)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?推理题常见的提问形式 常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，purpose等词提问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如ca

3、n，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。2021/8/11 星期三3判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。1)判断有据,推论有理,忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。2)全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。3)善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接选取文中的原句。2021/8/11 星期三4 二、推理题的解题思路 如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含

4、意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。首先，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。2021/8/11 星期三5 再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题 思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanni

5、ng方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题 思想 作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题 思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。2021/8/11 星期三6例1：Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.If metal

6、is heated and then cooled very quickly,for example by dipping(浸)it in water,it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is,it will break easily.Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished,by annealing it.The me

7、tal is heated,and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time.The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly,the softer it becomes.Annealing can also be used on other material,such as glass.Why do people put hot metal in water?A.To make it hard.B.To make it soft.C.To make it cool.D.To make

8、 it brittle.2021/8/11 星期三7In annealing,the required hardness of metal depends on _.A.the quantity of water used B.the temperature of the metalC.the softness of the metal D.the timing of the operationAs suggested by the text,how can glass be made less brittle?A.It can be heated and then cooled quickl

9、y.B.It can be cooled and then heated slowly.C.It can be heated and then cooled slowly.D.It can be cooled and then heated quickly.2021/8/11 星期三81分析答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D。B项明显错误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。2分析答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据

10、是5和6两句，“The metal is heated,length of time.”,“The longerthe softer it becomes cool”的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。3分析答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到metal。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知annealing就是先heat后cool slowly。由此推断C是正确的。2021/8/11 星期三9例2：At one time,computers were expected larg

11、ely to remove the need for paper copies of documents(文件)because they could be stored electronically.But for all the texts that are written,stored and sent electronically,a lot of them are still ending up on paper.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-co

12、nnected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down,says Ted Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.2021/8/11 星期三10 Perhaps the bes

13、t sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself,which sees printing as one of its most promising new markets.Several Internet companies have been set upto help small businesses print quality documents from a computer.Earlier this week Hewle

14、tt-Packard Co.announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard copy of a business document,a medical record or just a one-line e-mail,even if they are nowhere near a computer.As the company sees it,the more use of the Internet the greater

15、 demand for printers.2021/8/11 星期三11 Does all this mean environmental concerns(环境问题)have been forgotten?Some activists suggest people have been led to believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away.I guess people believe that the problem is taken care of,because of recycling(回收利用),s

16、aid Kelly Quirke,director of the Rainforest Action Network in San Francisco.Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpful.He says printers that print on both sides are growing in popularity.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood,such as agr

17、icultural waste.2021/8/11 星期三12The growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to_Athe rapid development of small businesses Bthe opening up of new marketsCthe printing of high quality copies Dthe increased use of the InternetEnvironmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the

18、 paper situation is_Ato encourage printing more quality documents Bto develop new printers using recycled paperCto find new materials for making paper Dto plant more fast-growing trees2021/8/11 星期三13Hewlett-Packard Co has decided to develop new technologies because _Apeople are concerned about the e

19、nvironment Bprinters in many offices are working overtimeCsmall companies need more hard copies Dthey see a growing market for printers2021/8/11 星期三14分析本文话题为办公用纸与环保，讲述了计算机与网络的发展并没有如人们先前所预料的那样帮助我们实现无纸化办公，相反地，随着打印技术的发展，用纸量日益增大于是还得依靠科技，寻找双面打印与开拓农业废料提供造纸原料等出路了文中涉及科技发展、生产需求与环保之间的关系，内涵十分深刻，平时“两耳不闻窗外事”的人是很

20、难一下读明白的本题考查对于文中提供的事实与线索进行逻辑推理的能力近年来纸张用量增加的原因何在?第2段中做出解释：It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-con-nected computers，when e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtimeThe growing demand for paper看来正是a result of use of Internet-connected compute

21、rs本题答案为D其余3个选项内容虽然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非题干所问纸张用量增长的直接原因，可逐一排除中，C项干扰性最大，第3段中所提及的Several Internet companies have been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer 与选项C十分接近，因而对他们构成迷惑，这是因为考生没有能够认识到这一事实出现在本段中，只是为了说明how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from

22、the high-tech industry itself，然而the printing of high quality copies本身并非纸张需求增长的原因“阅读理解”解题过程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基础上找到与本题相关的线索，弄清各项事实之间的联系，辨别选项内容之间的细微差别，排除干扰，找准最佳答案答案 D2021/8/11 星期三15分析本题问及环保人士(environmentalists)对于用纸所引起的环保问题的解决途径所持看法结尾段中谈到：The action group(=the environmentalists)has also found acceptable paper

23、 made from materials other than wood，such as agricultural waste，也就是本题选项中的C项to find new materials for making paper通过查读可以发现，选项D在文中根本没有涉及，选项B将文中细节内容做了一点改变，形成干扰考虑B项，文中为：the problem is taken care of，because of recycling；printers that prin to on both sides are growing in popularity(结尾段)；两处内容综合衍生而成选项B但并未说有

24、使用recycled paper的new printers，本项应排除D项所说的plant more fast-growing trees则在文中完全没有提到答案 c2021/8/11 星期三16分析题干中的HP Company(这家公司在打印机和电脑厂商里也可算是闻名遐迩了)是对我们寻找答案极为有用的线索，循此很快可以找到第3段里，该公司develop new technologies的原因(也是目的)在于：enable people to print even more本段结尾则一语道破：As the company sees it，the more use of the Internet

25、 the greater demand for printers显然只是要让人们更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技术发展的原因与环保无关(排除A项)；与超时办公也无直接逻辑联系(排除B项)；对于hard copies有需求的也不仅仅是small companies(排除C项)；本题正确答案为D2021/8/11 星期三17例例3：A visitor visits an island where two tribes live.One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies.The truth tellers live on

26、the western side of the island,and those who lie live on the eastern side.The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question.He asks the native,”Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.”When the messeng

27、er returns,he says,He said he lives on the western side of the island.Is the messenger a truth teller or not?How can the visitor be sure?2021/8/11 星期三18According to the messengers answer,the visitor can conclude that_A.The messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth.

28、B.the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.C.its hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.D.the messenger probably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true.2021/8/11 星期三19The native in the distance say

29、s he lives on the western side of the island.According to his answer,which conclusion of the following is wrong?A.He may live on the eastern side of the island.B.He may live on the western side of the island.C.He may be telling the truth.D.He cant be telling the truth.2021/8/11 星期三207分析推测有关信使（近处的当地人

30、）情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。如果他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，他就会如实回答他住在西部。如果他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：“我住在西部”。如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在西部，信使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，那么信使就说了假话，信使肯定住在

31、东部。故此题答案是A。2021/8/11 星期三218分析推测远方的当地人的情况。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地人是住在岛的东部还是岛的西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要注意情态动词的语气。A.“他可能住在岛的西部”;B.“他可能住在岛的东部”;C.“他可能讲了真话”。上述A、B、C三种情况都是可能的。D.“他不可能讲真话”，语气太绝对。推测错误。故答案为D。2021/8/11 星期三22例4：When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day,I was very happy.S

32、he was at least fifteen years younger than I.One day she signed me to come near.When I walked over,she asked,”Are you single?“Why,yes.I answered,smiling at her happily.“So is my mother.she said,“Would you like to meet her?The writer talked about the waitress age because he thought_.A.she was young B

33、.it a pleasure to make friends with herC.she was beautiful D.it strange for her to fall in love with himThe waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A.she lived near his house B.he often went to visit her motherC.she wanted to be friendly with him D.she loved him very much2021/8/11 星期三23

34、分析这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第题答案是D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩每天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第题答案是C。2021/8/11 星期三241、抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理、抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。2008年全国卷1 B篇2021/8/11 星期三25【考例】（20

35、08全国卷I，B篇）63.We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte_.A.allowed other companies to develop pineapplesB.succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itselfC.tried hard to control the pineapple marketD.planned to help the other companies2021/8/11 星期三26【解析】C。从原文最后一段Seeing the growing market for its w

36、inning pineapple,Del Monte tried to keep the market to itself.But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples.Del Monte turned to law for help but failed.Those companies argued successfully that Del Montes attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out of t

37、he market.可知，Del Monte为了控制菠萝市场，想尽了一切办法，甚至不惜诉诸法律。2021/8/11 星期三272、整合全文（段）信息进行推断、整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。【考例】（2008全国卷I，C篇）67.What is the purpose of the text?A.To show how to enjoy fishing.B.To persuade people to fish less often.C.To encourage people to set fis

38、h free D.To give advice on how to release fish.2021/8/11 星期三28【解析】D。文章开头部分提到“It is often necessary to release a fish”（对鱼放生是很必要的），然后就鱼放生后怎么容易存活给出了5条建议，最后得出结论：With a little care and by following the suggestions given above,you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.因此，这篇文章的目的是告诉人们怎样对鱼进

39、行放生。2021/8/11 星期三293、利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断、利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断很多文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。【考例】（2008天津卷，E篇）55.How does the author feel about his childhood?A.Happy but short.B.Lonely bu

40、t memorable.C.Boring and meaningless.D.Long and unforgettable.2021/8/11 星期三30【解析】A。文章前三段用大量的篇幅描绘孩子们在树林中自由自在玩耍的美好时光，最后一段提到突然有一天在树上玩耍时意识到已经是七年级的学生了，开始到了朦朦胧胧的青春期了，已经长大，不能再爬树玩耍了，作者的心理在这一刻发生了巨大变化，由此推知，作者感到童年是快乐的，但是又是短暂的，不知不觉已经步入青年的行列。2021/8/11 星期三314、根据文章的结论推断作者的态度、根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还

41、是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。【考例】（2008江西卷，C篇）67.What is the authors attitude towards Nigels actions?A.He is mildly critical B.He is strongly criticalC.He is in favor of them D.His attitude is not clear2021/8/11 星期三32

42、【解析】A。从第二段来看，Nigel与Alicia交朋友并帮助她的真正原因是不引起她的怀疑并力图在比赛中打败她而获得1000美元的奖金，根据最后一段来看，作者并不赞同Nigel的做法，但也没提出强烈的批评，而只是说Without her,he would never win the competition.可以看出作者对他的做法暗含批评意味。2021/8/11 星期三335、根据上下文的逻辑得出结论、根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把

43、握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。【考例】（2008江苏卷，A篇）58.In the next part,the author would most probably discuss with you _.A.how to keep up with the timesB.how to make up for lost time C.how to have a good timeD.how to make good use of time2021/8/11 星期三34【解析】D。由文章最后一句话“what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.”可以推测出下面要谈的应该是“怎样利用好时间”。2021/8/11 星期三35Thank You2021/8/11 星期三362021/8/11 星期三37