妇产科课件羊水胎儿异常精.ppt
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1、妇产科课件妇产科课件 羊水胎儿异常羊水胎儿异常第1页,本讲稿共33页第十四章第十四章 羊水量异常羊水量异常第2页,本讲稿共33页第一节第一节 羊水过多羊水过多妊娠期羊水量超过2000ml者,称羊水过多(polyhydramnios)。发生率0.5-1%。分为急性和慢性。第3页,本讲稿共33页Hydramnios,sometimes called polyhydramnios,is an excessive quantity of amnionic fluid.Normally,the volume of amnionic fluid increases to about 1 liter,or
2、somewhat more,by 36 weeks but decreases thereafter.Postterm,there may be only a few hundred ml or even less.Somewhat arbitrarily,more than 2000 ml of amnionic fluid is considered excessive,or hydramnios.In most instances,the increase in amnionic fluid is gradual,or chronic hydramnios.When the volume
3、 increase very suddenly,the uterus may become markedly distended within a few days,or acute hydramnios.The fluid in hydramnios is usually similar in appearance and composition to the amnionic fluid in normal conditions.(摘自WILLIAMS OBSTETRICS 17TH edition)第4页,本讲稿共33页一、病因一、病因1.胎儿畸形:占25%,以神经管畸形和消化道畸形为主
4、。2.多胎妊娠:以单卵双胎受血胎儿居多。3.孕妇和胎儿的各种疾病:如糖尿病、ABO或Rh血型不合、妊高征、急性肝炎、严重贫血等。4.胎盘脐带病变:如胎盘绒毛血管瘤、巨大胎盘、脐带帆状附着等。5.特发性羊水过多:原因不明,约占1/3。第5页,本讲稿共33页二、诊断二、诊断1.临床表现 羊水过多的孕妇可出现呼吸困难,不能平卧;急性羊水过多的患者会出现腹部胀痛,憋气,端坐呼吸,甚至发绀。易出现下肢及外阴静脉曲张。2.产科检查 宫高、腹围和体重曲线明显高于相同孕周的孕妇,触诊时皮肤张力大,胎位摸不清,胎心遥远。3.B超检查 羊水指数(amniotic fluid index,AFI)大于18(20)c
5、m,羊水最大平面大于7(8)cm,提示羊水过多。4.确诊依据:分娩期流出羊水量总和2000ml。第6页,本讲稿共33页三、对母儿的影响三、对母儿的影响羊水过多孕妇易并发妊高征、早产、胎膜早破、胎位异常。破膜时易发生胎盘早剥与脐带脱垂。分娩时易合并产后出血。围生儿死亡率为正常的7倍第7页,本讲稿共33页四、处理四、处理1.如合并胎儿畸形,立即引产。人工破膜引产。2.胎儿尚未成熟,而症状严重孕妇无法忍受,可行羊膜腔穿刺放出羊水,注意放羊水的速度及量,防止胎盘早剥及早产。应用前列腺素合成酶抑制剂。3.胎儿成熟后,症状严重者,可行引产术。人工破膜时,采用高位破膜,使羊水缓慢流出,以免引起胎盘早剥或脐带
6、脱垂。分娩时注意子宫收缩及产后出血。第8页,本讲稿共33页第二节第二节 羊水过少羊水过少妊娠晚期羊水量少于300ml者,称羊水过少(oligohydramnios)。发生率0.4-4%。羊水量少于50ml,围生儿死亡率高达88%。第9页,本讲稿共33页In some instances,the volume of amnionic fluid may fall below 300 ml and occasionally be reduced to only a few ml of visid fluid,this called oligohydramnios.The cause of this
7、 condition is not completely understood.Very small amounts of amnionic fluid may be found relatively often with pregnancies that have continued for weeks beyond term.The risk of cord compression and,in turn,fetal distress is increased as the consequence of the scant volume of fluid.Oligohydramnios i
8、s practically always evident when there is either obstruction of the fetal urinary tract or renal agenesis.Therefore,anuria almost certainly has an etiologic role in such cases of oligohydramnios.(摘自WILLIAMS OBSTETRICS 17TH edition)第10页,本讲稿共33页一、病因一、病因1.胎儿畸形:泌尿系畸形如肾发育不全、输尿管或尿道闭锁、先天性肾缺如等。2.胎盘功能减退:过期妊
9、娠、胎儿生长受限、妊高征、胎盘退行性变。3.羊膜病变。4.胎膜早破5.孕妇患病。第11页,本讲稿共33页二、对母儿的影响二、对母儿的影响由于羊水过少胎儿活动受限,易发生胎位不正,胎儿肺发育不全,胎儿畸形,甚至肢体短缺。胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息发生率高。手术产率和引产率均增加。第12页,本讲稿共33页三、诊断三、诊断1.临床表现 子宫敏感,胎动时孕妇感腹痛。临产后阵痛剧烈,宫缩多不协调,造成产程停滞或延长。破膜后羊水少,甚至无羊水流出,羊水可呈黄绿色,粘稠。2.产科检查 产妇腹围、宫高曲线均低于同期妊娠者。子宫易收缩。3.B超检查 最大羊水平面2cm,羊水指数8cm提示羊水偏少,羊水指数5cm为诊断
10、羊水过少的绝对值。4.确诊依据:分娩期羊水流出量总和300ml。第13页,本讲稿共33页四、处理四、处理1.羊水过少合并胎儿畸形:尽早终止妊娠。2.如临床提示羊水过少,B超示羊水指数5cm,在除外胎儿畸形后,可剖宫产终止妊娠。3.如羊水指数介于5cm-8cm之间,可行人工破膜术引产,观察羊水性状,羊水度或出现胎儿窘迫症状,短期内不能阴道分娩者,剖宫产终止妊娠。4.妊娠未足月、胎肺未成熟者,增加羊水量期待治疗。第14页,本讲稿共33页第十五章第十五章 胎儿发育异常及死胎胎儿发育异常及死胎第15页,本讲稿共33页第一节第一节 胎儿生长受限胎儿生长受限fetal growth restriction
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